Emulsion Preparation Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary use of turpentine oil emulsion?

  • As a topical antiseptic
  • As a sedative
  • As a purgative
  • As an anti-rheumatic (correct)

According to the given formula, what is the ratio of oil, water, and gum for a primary emulsion using castor oil?

  • 1 : 1 : 1
  • 4 : 2 : 1 (correct)
  • 2 : 2 : 1
  • 3 : 2 : 1

Which method is used to prepare the turpentine oil emulsion?

  • Wet method
  • Heat method
  • Dry method (correct)
  • Cold method

What additional step is required after forming the primary emulsion when using the dry method?

<p>Dilute by adding water drop by drop (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final volume of turpentine oil emulsion to be prepared?

<p>25 ml (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component in the castor oil emulsion besides castor oil?

<p>Gum acacia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What label should be put on the castor oil emulsion preparation?

<p>To be taken as directed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the wet method, what should be added gradually to form the castor oil emulsion?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a eutectic mixture?

<p>A combination where two or more substances fuse to form a homogeneous composition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction occurs when two drugs with opposing effects are administered together?

<p>Pharmacodynamic interaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical change listed?

<p>Fermentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to therapeutic incompatibility?

<p>Overdose of a single drug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option accurately defines pharmacokinetic interactions?

<p>One drug altering the absorption, metabolism, or excretion of another (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of pharmacokinetic interaction does 'drug displacement' occur?

<p>Distribution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of clinical therapeutic incompatibilities?

<p>Administration of contraindicated drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interactions are specifically classified as pharmacodynamic interactions?

<p>Drugs given with similar therapeutic effects influencing each other's action (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of physical incompatibility?

<p>Change in color, odor, or taste (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of physical incompatibility?

<p>Chemical reaction between agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the solubility of a prescribed agent in a vehicle?

<p>Temperature of the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'liquification of solids' in the context of physical incompatibility?

<p>Solids forming a eutectic mixture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of incompatibility results from mixing two substances that do not mix well, creating a turbid solution?

<p>Physical incompatibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes pharmaceutical or physical incompatibility?

<p>Visible or measurable changes in the preparation's physical properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of physical incompatibility, what effect does 'insolubility' have?

<p>It can lead to difficulties in dosing accuracy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classifications does NOT belong to incompatibility types?

<p>Biological incompatibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the required amount of CaCl2 needed to prepare 10 ml of a 10% w/v solution?

<p>1 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason to inform a doctor about all medications being taken?

<p>To prevent drug interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What by-product is formed when sodium bicarbonate reacts with calcium chloride?

<p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of incompatibility is indicated by the formation of an insoluble white precipitate?

<p>Physical incompatibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much sodium bicarbonate is needed for a 5.6% w/v solution to prepare 15 ml?

<p>0.84 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after weighing the sodium bicarbonate for the solution preparation?

<p>Dissolve in 15 ml of water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be checked on the label of OTC medications to avoid drug interactions?

<p>Warnings section (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when sodium bicarbonate is combined with calcium chloride?

<p>Chemical reaction occurs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of drug-drug interactions?

<p>They can alter the effects of one or both drugs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a synergistic drug-drug interaction?

<p>Using codeine with paracetamol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a drug-excipient interaction?

<p>A reaction between an active pharmaceutical ingredient and an excipient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of excessive vitamin K intake while on blood-thinning drugs?

<p>Decreased ability of blood-thinners to prevent clotting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible result of a drug-food interaction?

<p>Food can hinder the efficacy of certain medications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can packaging material interact in drug formulation?

<p>By interacting with the active pharmaceutical ingredients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What associated effect can arise from using magnesium stearate with certain amine drugs?

<p>It can create color compounds that darken tablets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about drug interactions is true?

<p>Interactions can produce new effects that may be harmful. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Emulsion preparation

A liquid preparation containing finely dispersed liquid droplets of one liquid in another immiscible liquid, stabilized by an emulsifying agent.

Turpentine oil emulsion

A specific emulsion containing turpentine oil in water, stabilized with acacia.

Primary emulsion (dry method)

The initial stage of emulsion preparation where oil and gum are mixed with minimal water, developing a stable mixture.

Primary emulsion (wet method)

The initial stage of emulsion preparation using a small amount of water and gradually increasing the amount of oil while continuously mixing (trituration) to form tiny oil droplets.

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Castor oil emulsion

An emulsion of castor oil in water, used internally as a purgative.

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Gum acacia

A natural emulsifying agent used in emulsions to stabilize the oil and water mixture.

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Oil:Water:Gum ratio (Turpentine oil)

The proportions of oil, water, and gum acacia used in the preparation of a turpentine oil emulsion, 2:2:1.

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Oil:Water:Gum ratio (Castor Oil)

The proportions of oil, water, and gum acacia used in the preparation of a castor oil emulsion, 4:2:1.

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What is incompatibility?

The result of mixing substances with opposing properties, leading to an undesirable effect on the preparation's safety, purpose, or appearance.

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Incompatibility's impact

Incompatible products can compromise a medication's safety, effectiveness, appearance, or intended purpose.

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Types of incompatibility

Incompatibility is classified into three types: pharmaceutical/physical, chemical, and therapeutic.

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Physico-chemical incompatibility

A combination of physical and chemical incompatibility, both affecting the substance's properties.

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Physical incompatibility

Interaction between substances that causes visible changes like color, odor, taste, viscosity, or morphology.

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Manifestations of physical incompatibility

Insolubility, immiscibility, and liquification of solids are common manifestations of physical incompatibility.

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Insolubility

When a prescribed ingredient doesn't dissolve in the vehicle, making it difficult to administer accurately.

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Immiscibility

Two or more liquids refusing to mix, creating a cloudy or hazy appearance.

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Types of Chemical Changes

These include oxidation, hydrolysis, polymerization, decarboxylation, and formation of insoluble complexes.

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Therapeutic Incompatibility

Unintentional interactions between drugs that occur in the body after administration, affecting their pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic actions.

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Pharmacodynamic Interaction

Drugs with similar or opposing effects interact, altering the action of one drug by another.

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Pharmacokinetic Interaction

One drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another drug, changing its concentration in the body.

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Absorption Interaction

One drug affects the absorption of another drug in the body.

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Distribution Interaction

One drug alters the distribution of another drug in the body, impacting its reach to target sites.

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Metabolism Interaction

One drug alters the breakdown of another drug in the body, changing its elimination rate.

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Drug-Drug Interaction

When one drug alters the effects of another drug. This can be synergistic (increasing the effect), antagonistic (decreasing the effect), or create a new effect.

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Synergistic Effect

When two drugs work together to increase the effect of one or both drugs.

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Antagonistic Effect

When two drugs work against each other, decreasing the effect of one or both drugs.

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Drug-Excipient Interaction

When the active ingredient of a drug (API) interacts with other ingredients in the formulation, like diluents or binders.

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Drug-Food Interaction

When food influences how a drug works, impacting its absorption, effectiveness, or side effects.

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Drug-Packaging Interaction

When the packaging material reacts with the drug or its ingredients, affecting stability or efficacy.

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Excipient

An inactive ingredient in a drug formulation that helps with the drug's form, stability, or delivery.

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Drug Interactions

Unwanted effects that occur when two or more drugs are taken together, potentially causing harm or reducing effectiveness.

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Sodium Bicarbonate Incompatibility

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with calcium chloride, forming an insoluble white precipitate (calcium carbonate) and releasing carbon dioxide gas.

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Calcium Chloride Solution

A solution of calcium chloride in water, used for various purposes like IV administration.

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Sodium Bicarbonate Solution

A solution of sodium bicarbonate in water, commonly used to neutralize acidity.

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W/V Solution

A type of solution where the concentration of the solute is expressed as weight per volume, typically grams per milliliters.

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IV Administration

A method of delivering medication directly into a vein, allowing rapid absorption into the bloodstream.

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Study Notes

Emulsion Preparation

  • Emulsions are mixtures of immiscible liquids.

  • Turpentine oil emulsion:

    • Turpentine oil: 5ml (or 2.5ml for x 25/50)
    • Gum acacia: Q.s. 1.25g (or 1.25g for x 25/50)
    • Distilled water: 50ml (or 25ml for x 25/50)
    • Preparation ratio: Oil:Water:Gum - 2:2:1 or 2.5:2.5:1.25
    • Method of preparation
      • Weigh acacia in a dry mortar and grind to fine powder.
      • Add all oil at once, then disperse it.
      • Add water at once and rapidly triturate in one direction until a clicking sound is heard.
      • Dilute by adding water drop by drop and mix thoroughly after each addition.
      • Adjust the volume to 25 ml.
      • Label the preparation.
      • Indication: To be applied at night. External use. Red label. Date: 21/11/2024. Shake before use.
      • Use as anti-rheumatic.

  • Castor oil emulsion:

    • Castor oil: 20ml (or 5ml for x 30/120)
    • Gum acacia: Q.s. 1.25g
    • Distilled water: 120ml (or 30ml for x 30/120)
    • Preparation ratio: Oil:Water:Gum - 4:2:1 or 5:2.5:1.25
    • Method of preparation (wet method):
      • Grind 1.25g gum acacia in mortar.
      • Add 2.5ml water, and triturate.
      • Add 5ml of castor oil gradually and triturate with constant rapid and light trituration.
      • Triturate vigorously until the primary emulsion forms.
      • Dilute gradually with water.
      • Complete the final volume.
      • Indication: To be taken as directed. Internal use. White label. Date: 28/11/2024. Shake before use.
      • Use as a purgative.

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Related Documents

Turpentine and Castor Oil Emulsions (2025 ANU) PDF
Drug Incompatibility PDF

Description

This quiz covers the preparation of various emulsions, focusing on turpentine oil and castor oil formulations. It includes the necessary components, preparation methods, and indications for use. Test your knowledge on emulsions and their applications in external treatments.

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