EMT Chapter 18 Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is the localization of pain for appendicitis?

Left lower quadrant (direct)

Both A and C (correct)

Around navel (referred)

Right lower quadrant (direct)

What is the localization of pain for cholecystitis?

Left upper quadrant (direct)

Both A and C (correct)

Right shoulder (referred)

Right upper quadrant (direct)

What is the localization of pain for diverticulitis?

Lower midabdomen

Right lower quadrant

Right upper quadrant

Left lower quadrant (correct)

What is the localization of pain for pancreatitis?

Upper abdomen (both quadrants) Signup and view all the answers

Chronic use of NSAIDs is a major cause of peptic ulcers.

True Signup and view all the answers

Most peptic ulcers are the result of colonization of the stomach by which bacteria?

H.pylori Signup and view all the answers

At what age is PUD typically seen?

Older populations (older adult) Signup and view all the answers

Patients with _ experience a classic sequence of burning or gnawing pain in the stomach that subsides after eating.

PUD (peptic ulcers) Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms of PUD?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

If the erosion is severe in PUD, gastric bleeding can occur, resulting in _ (vomiting blood), and _ (black, tarry stools).

Hematemesis; melena Signup and view all the answers

Most patients with abdominal pain prefer to:

Lie on their side with their knees drawn into the abdomen. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may help reduce your patient's nausea?

Low-flow oxygen Signup and view all the answers

A 59-year-old male presents with sudden-onset severe lower back pain. Your assessment reveals a pulsating mass to the left of his umbilicus. You should:

Administer oxygen and prepare for immediate transport. Signup and view all the answers

Your patient complains of abdominal pain that occurs mostly at night or after eating fatty foods. You should suspect __________.

cholecystitis Signup and view all the answers

Peritonitis may result in shock because:

Fluid shifts from the bloodstream into body tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Urinary tract infections are more common in __________.

Women Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs lies in the retroperitoneal space?

Pancreas Signup and view all the answers

An important aspect in the treatment of a patient with severe abdominal pain is to:

Provide emotional support en route to the hospital. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the acute abdomen is correct?

The initial pain associated with an acute abdomen tends to be vague and poorly localized. Signup and view all the answers

For a patient with a gastrointestinal complaint, it is MOST important for the EMT to _______.

Identify whether the patient requires rapid transport Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following helps filter the blood and has no digestive function?

Spleen Signup and view all the answers

Your patient complains of chronic 'burning' stomach pain that improves after eating. You should suspect:

peptic ulcer disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding dialysis is correct?

Patients who miss a dialysis treatment often present with weakness. Signup and view all the answers

A 30-year-old woman with a history of alcoholism presents with severe upper abdominal pain and is vomiting large amounts of bright red blood. Your MOST immediate action should be to:

Protect her airway from aspiration. Signup and view all the answers

Pain that may be perceived at a distant point on the surface of the body, such as the back or shoulder, is called:

Referred pain Signup and view all the answers

A 29-year-old pregnant woman has had severe vomiting for the last 2 days. Today, she is vomiting large amounts of blood. The EMT should suspect:

Mallory-Weiss tear Signup and view all the answers

A young female presents with costovertebral angle tenderness. Which of the following organs is MOST likely causing her pain?

Kidney Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct about the secondary assessment for a high-priority patient?

You may not have time to complete a secondary assessment. Signup and view all the answers

A 47-year-old male presents with severe abdominal pain of 3 hours' duration. Your MOST important consideration for this patient should be to:

Be alert for signs and symptoms of shock. Signup and view all the answers

When assessing a patient with abdominal pain, you should:

Palpate the abdomen in a clockwise direction, beginning with the quadrant after the one the patient indicates is painful. Signup and view all the answers

As an EMT you need to determine the exact cause of acute abdominal pain.

False Signup and view all the answers

The _ ___ contains solid and hollow organs that make up the gastrointestinal, genital, and urinary system.

abdominal cavity Signup and view all the answers

Solid organs include:

Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys, and Ovaries (in women) Signup and view all the answers

Retroperitoneal organs are located:

posterior to the peritoneum Signup and view all the answers

Because retroperitoneal organs lie next to the peritoneum, they can cause abdominal pain.

True Signup and view all the answers

An injury to a solid organ can cause _____ and bleeding because of the amount of blood vessels that the organ contains.

shock Signup and view all the answers

Hollow organs include:

Gallbladder, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Urinary Bladder Signup and view all the answers

If there is a perforation in a hollow organ what will happen?

The contents of organ will leak and contaminate the abdominal cavity Signup and view all the answers

The GI (gastrointestinal) system is responsible for what?

the digestion process Signup and view all the answers

Digestion starts when?

When food is put into the mouth and chewed Signup and view all the answers

What breaks down food in the mouth?

amylase Signup and view all the answers

Food travels down the ______ to the stomach.

esophagus Signup and view all the answers

The _______ is the main organ of the digestive system.

stomach Signup and view all the answers

Most digestion takes place in the __________, where gastric juices break down food to a form that can be used by the body.

stomach Signup and view all the answers

What organ assists in digestion by secreting bile, which aids in the digestion of fats?

the liver Signup and view all the answers

Along with secreting bile to break down fats, what other functions of the liver are there?

The liver also filters toxic substances produced by digestion, creates glucose stores, and produces substances necessary for blood clotting and immune function. Signup and view all the answers

The _________ is a hollow pouch located beneath the liver that acts as a reservoir for bile.

gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

The small intestines can be broken down into three pieces. Name them in descending order.

<ol> <li>Duodenum, 2. Jejunum, 3. Ileum</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the digestive juices from the pancreas and liver mix together?

Duodenum Signup and view all the answers

The pancreas secretes juices containing enzymes that do what?

help break down starches, fats, and proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Amylase breaks down:

starches into sugar Signup and view all the answers

Bicarbonate acidifies the stomach acid in the duodenum.

False Signup and view all the answers

Insulin helps regulate the levels of what in the bloodstream?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Jejunum function:

absorption of nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Ileum function:

Absorbs nutrients that were not absorbed earlier in the jejunum; it also absorbs bile acids for future use and vitamin B12. Signup and view all the answers

Food that was not broken down in the small intestine moves to the ______ or large intestine, as waste products.

colon Signup and view all the answers

What rhythmic movement called ________ moves the waste matter through the intestines.

peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

The spleen is located in the abdomen and has digestive system function.

False Signup and view all the answers

Spleen function:

Filtration of blood, aids in the development of red blood cells, serves as a blood reservoir, produces antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

The abdominal space holds the male and female reproductive organs.

True Signup and view all the answers

The male reproductive system consists of what?

Testicles, epididymis, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis. Signup and view all the answers

The female reproductive system includes what?

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina. Signup and view all the answers

What system controls the discharge of certain waste material filtered from the blood by the kidneys?

Urinary system Signup and view all the answers

The solid and hollow organs of the Urinary System are?

Solid: Kidneys; Hollow: Ureters, bladder, and urethra. Signup and view all the answers

The urinary and genital systems are considered together because why?

They share many organs; one system can directly affect the other. Signup and view all the answers

How many kidneys does the body have?

2 Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys lie on the ____ muscular wall of the abdomen behind the peritoneum in the retroperitoneal space.

posterior Signup and view all the answers

The role of the kidneys includes:

Regulation of acid-base balance, blood pressure regulation. Signup and view all the answers

How do the kidneys regulate blood pressure?

By secreting the enzyme renin; adjusting renal resistance and removing sodium chloride. Signup and view all the answers

The ______ rids the body of toxic waste and controls the body's balance of fluid and electrolytes.

Kidney Signup and view all the answers

Blood flow in the kidneys is high.

True Signup and view all the answers

Nearly 40% of the output of blood from the heart passes through the kidneys each minute.

False Signup and view all the answers

Peristalsis moves urine to the bladder through the ureters.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Urinary bladder is located immediately behind the _ _ in the pelvic cavity and is composed of smooth muscle with a specialized lining membrane.

pubic symphysis Signup and view all the answers

The normal adult forms how much urine every day?

1.5-2.0 L Signup and view all the answers

____ L of blood circulates through the kidneys daily.

1500 L (20%) Signup and view all the answers

The abdominal cavity is lined by a membrane called the _________.

peritoneum Signup and view all the answers

The _________ covers the organs of the abdomen.

peritoneum Signup and view all the answers

The __ peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, and the peritoneum covers the organs themselves.

Parietal, Visceral Signup and view all the answers

Peritonitis (what is it and what causes it?)

Inflammation of the peritoneum caused by blood, pus, bile, pancreatic juice, or amniotic fluid in the abdominal space. Signup and view all the answers

Acute abdomen is?

A medical term referring to the sudden onset of abdominal pain, often associated with severe, progressive problems that require medical attention. Signup and view all the answers

If untreated, an acute abdomen can turn into peritonitis.

True Signup and view all the answers

Peritonitis typically causes _______, or paralysis of the muscular contractions that normally propel material through the intestine.

ileus Signup and view all the answers

Ileus leads to _________ in the stomach.

distention Signup and view all the answers

In the case of ileus from peritonitis, the only way the stomach can empty itself is by ______, or vomiting.

emesis Signup and view all the answers

Peritonitis can lead to shock?

True Signup and view all the answers

Diverticulitis is?

Inflammation in small pockets at weak areas of the muscle walls. Signup and view all the answers

Cholecystitis is?

Inflammation of the gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

Patients with diverticulitis and/or cholecystitis may have a substantial elevation in temperature but, those with acute appendicitis may have normal temperatures.

True Signup and view all the answers

The visceral peritoneum is supplied by the autonomic nervous system. Does this mean that patients can feel localized pain, or referred pain?

Referred pain Signup and view all the answers

What is referred pain?

Pain felt in a part of the body other than its actual source. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Abdominal Pain Management

Patients with abdominal pain often prefer to lie on their side with knees drawn into their abdomen for comfort.
Administering low-flow oxygen can help reduce nausea in patients.
Immediate transport is crucial for patients with severe lower back pain and a pulsating mass, indicating potential serious conditions.

Conditions Associated with Abdominal Pain

Cholecystitis: Suspected in patients experiencing abdominal pain after eating fatty foods.
Peritonitis: Can lead to shock due to fluid shifts from the bloodstream into body tissues.
Urinary Tract Infections: More common in women due to anatomical factors.

Anatomy Considerations

The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ, located behind the peritoneum.
The abdominal cavity, lined by the peritoneum, contains both solid and hollow organs crucial for various bodily functions.
Solid organs: Liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, and ovaries; Hollow organs include the gallbladder, stomach, small and large intestine, and urinary bladder.

Gastrointestinal System Functions

The GI system is responsible for digestion, starting as soon as food enters the mouth.
Major organs involved:
- Stomach (main organ for digestion)
- Liver (produces bile for fat digestion and filters toxins)
- Pancreas (secretes juices to break down starches, fats, and proteins).

Common Symptoms and Diagnoses

Burning stomach pain that improves after eating may indicate peptic ulcer disease (PUD).
Diverticulitis: Caused by inflammation in weak areas of muscle walls.
Acute Abdomen: Sudden onset of pain requiring prompt evaluation and treatment, can lead to complications such as peritonitis if untreated.

Pain Localization

Appendicitis: Pain in right lower quadrant; referred pain around the navel.
Cholecystitis: Pain in right upper quadrant and referred pain to the right shoulder.
Kidney Stones: Pain in flank region, often radiating to genitalia.
Peritonitis: Pain can be diffuse across the abdomen.

Patient Transport and Monitoring

For patients with significant abdominal pain, assessing for shock is vital.
Providing emotional support during transport to the hospital is an important treatment aspect.

Urinary System Overview

The urinary system regulates waste, fluid balance, and blood pressure.
Kidneys filter blood and eliminate toxins, with a high daily blood flow (~20% of heart output).
The normal adult generates 1.5-2.0 liters of urine daily.

Complications and Risks

Peritonitis can lead to ileus, a condition where intestinal movement stops, causing stomach distention and potential shock.
Chronic NSAID use is a major cause of peptic ulcers, predominantly affecting older populations.

Additional Important Terminology

Referred Pain: Pain perceived at a site different from its origin, often linked to visceral organ irritation.
Hematemesis: Vomiting blood; Melena: Black, tarry stools indicating gastrointestinal bleeding.

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Test your knowledge on the key concepts of Chapter 18 from the EMT curriculum. This quiz includes flashcards covering essential information related to abdominal pain management and patient comfort. Perfect for EMT students looking to reinforce their learning.

EMT Chapter 18 Quiz

Questions and Answers

What is the localization of pain for appendicitis?

What is the localization of pain for cholecystitis?

What is the localization of pain for diverticulitis?

What is the localization of pain for pancreatitis?

Chronic use of NSAIDs is a major cause of peptic ulcers.

Most peptic ulcers are the result of colonization of the stomach by which bacteria?

At what age is PUD typically seen?

Patients with _______ ______ experience a classic sequence of burning or gnawing pain in the stomach that subsides after eating.

What are common symptoms of PUD?

If the erosion is severe in PUD, gastric bleeding can occur, resulting in _________ (vomiting blood), and _________ (black, tarry stools).

Most patients with abdominal pain prefer to:

Which of the following may help reduce your patient's nausea?

A 59-year-old male presents with sudden-onset severe lower back pain. Your assessment reveals a pulsating mass to the left of his umbilicus. You should:

Your patient complains of abdominal pain that occurs mostly at night or after eating fatty foods. You should suspect __________.

Peritonitis may result in shock because:

Urinary tract infections are more common in __________.

Which of the following organs lies in the retroperitoneal space?

An important aspect in the treatment of a patient with severe abdominal pain is to:

Which of the following statements regarding the acute abdomen is correct?

For a patient with a gastrointestinal complaint, it is MOST important for the EMT to _______.

Which of the following helps filter the blood and has no digestive function?

Your patient complains of chronic 'burning' stomach pain that improves after eating. You should suspect:

Which of the following statements regarding dialysis is correct?

A 30-year-old woman with a history of alcoholism presents with severe upper abdominal pain and is vomiting large amounts of bright red blood. Your MOST immediate action should be to:

Pain that may be perceived at a distant point on the surface of the body, such as the back or shoulder, is called:

A 29-year-old pregnant woman has had severe vomiting for the last 2 days. Today, she is vomiting large amounts of blood. The EMT should suspect:

A young female presents with costovertebral angle tenderness. Which of the following organs is MOST likely causing her pain?

Which of the following is correct about the secondary assessment for a high-priority patient?

A 47-year-old male presents with severe abdominal pain of 3 hours' duration. Your MOST important consideration for this patient should be to:

When assessing a patient with abdominal pain, you should:

As an EMT you need to determine the exact cause of acute abdominal pain.

The _____ _______ contains solid and hollow organs that make up the gastrointestinal, genital, and urinary system.

Solid organs include:

Retroperitoneal organs are located:

Because retroperitoneal organs lie next to the peritoneum, they can cause abdominal pain.

An injury to a solid organ can cause _____ and bleeding because of the amount of blood vessels that the organ contains.

Hollow organs include:

If there is a perforation in a hollow organ what will happen?

The GI (gastrointestinal) system is responsible for what?

Digestion starts when?

What breaks down food in the mouth?

Food travels down the ______ to the stomach.

The _______ is the main organ of the digestive system.

Most digestion takes place in the __________, where gastric juices break down food to a form that can be used by the body.

What organ assists in digestion by secreting bile, which aids in the digestion of fats?

Along with secreting bile to break down fats, what other functions of the liver are there?

The _________ is a hollow pouch located beneath the liver that acts as a reservoir for bile.

The small intestines can be broken down into three pieces. Name them in descending order.

Where do the digestive juices from the pancreas and liver mix together?

The pancreas secretes juices containing enzymes that do what?

Amylase breaks down:

Bicarbonate acidifies the stomach acid in the duodenum.

Insulin helps regulate the levels of what in the bloodstream?

Jejunum function:

Ileum function:

Food that was not broken down in the small intestine moves to the ______ or large intestine, as waste products.

What rhythmic movement called ________ moves the waste matter through the intestines.

The spleen is located in the abdomen and has digestive system function.

Spleen function:

The abdominal space holds the male and female reproductive organs.

The male reproductive system consists of what?

The female reproductive system includes what?

What system controls the discharge of certain waste material filtered from the blood by the kidneys?

The solid and hollow organs of the Urinary System are?

The urinary and genital systems are considered together because why?

How many kidneys does the body have?

The kidneys lie on the ____ muscular wall of the abdomen behind the peritoneum in the retroperitoneal space.

The role of the kidneys includes:

How do the kidneys regulate blood pressure?

The ______ rids the body of toxic waste and controls the body's balance of fluid and electrolytes.

Blood flow in the kidneys is high.

Nearly 40% of the output of blood from the heart passes through the kidneys each minute.

Peristalsis moves urine to the bladder through the ureters.

The Urinary bladder is located immediately behind the _____ _____ in the pelvic cavity and is composed of smooth muscle with a specialized lining membrane.

The normal adult forms how much urine every day?

____ L of blood circulates through the kidneys daily.

The abdominal cavity is lined by a membrane called the _________.

The _________ covers the organs of the abdomen.

Patients with _ experience a classic sequence of burning or gnawing pain in the stomach that subsides after eating.

If the erosion is severe in PUD, gastric bleeding can occur, resulting in _ (vomiting blood), and _ (black, tarry stools).

The _ ___ contains solid and hollow organs that make up the gastrointestinal, genital, and urinary system.

The Urinary bladder is located immediately behind the _ _ in the pelvic cavity and is composed of smooth muscle with a specialized lining membrane.

The __ peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominal cavity, and the peritoneum covers the organs themselves.