EMT Chapter 15-16 Review

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Questions and Answers

Hyperventilation could be associated with all of the following, EXCEPT:

  • High blood glucose levels
  • A narcotic overdose (correct)
  • An overdose of aspirin
  • A respiratory infection

Common signs and symptoms of acute hyperventilation syndrome include:

  • Altered mental status and bradycardia
  • Anxiety, dizziness, and severe bradypnea
  • Unilateral paralysis and slurred speech
  • Tachypnea and tingling in the extremities (correct)

Alkalosis is a condition that occurs when:

  • Slow, shallow breathing eliminates too much carbon dioxide
  • Blood acidity is reduced by excessive breathing
  • The level of carbon dioxide in the blood increases
  • Dangerous acids accumulate in the bloodstream (correct)

A 22-year-old female patient is complaining of dyspnea and numbness and tingling in her hands and feet after an argument with her fiancé. Her respirations are 40 breaths/min. You should:

<p>Provide reassurance and give oxygen as needed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the hypoxic drive is correct?

<p>The hypoxic drive stimulates a person to breathe on the basis of low oxygen levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding anaphylaxis is correct?

<p>Anaphylaxis is characterized by airway swelling and hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dyspnea is MOST accurately defined as:

<p>Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acute pulmonary edema would MOST likely develop as the result of:

<p>Toxic chemical inhalation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 62-year-old man with a history of congestive heart failure presents with severe respiratory distress and an oxygen saturation of 82%. When you auscultate his lungs, you hear widespread rales. You should:

<p>Apply a CPAP device, monitor his blood pressure, and observe him for signs of improvement or deterioration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An alert patient presents with a regular pattern of inhalation and exhalation and breath sounds that are clear and equal on both sides of the chest. These findings are consistent with:

<p>Adequate air exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a term used to describe:

<p>A group of symptoms that are caused by myocardial ischemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The iliac arteries immediately subdivide into the:

<p>Femoral arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart from all of the following areas, EXCEPT the:

<p>Brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hyperventilation: NOT caused by?

Overdose of narcotics would NOT typically be associated with hyperventilation.

Hyperventilation Syndrome signs

Rapid breathing and tingling sensations in the extremities are classic signs.

What happens during alkalosis?

Dangerous acids accumulate in the bloodstream creating an imbalance.

Hyperventilating patient care

Reassure the patient and administer oxygen to address their breathing.

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Hypoxic drive: Trigger?

The body breathes based on low oxygen levels, NOT high carbon dioxide.

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Anaphylaxis hallmarks

Anaphylaxis involves airway swelling AND low blood pressure.

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Dyspnea Definition

Subjective sensation of difficulty breathing or feeling short of breath.

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Pulmonary edema cause

Pulmonary edema often occurs due to toxic chemical inhalation damaging the lungs.

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CHF patient in distress

CPAP improves breathing; monitor for improvement or decline.

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Adequate air exchange signs

Air moves properly in and out, and sounds are the same on both sides.

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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

Symptoms caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle (ischemia).

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Iliac artery divides into...

Iliac arteries split into the femoral arteries.

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Inferior Vena Cava: Drains what?

The brain returns blood via the superior vena cava, not the inferior.

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Study Notes

Hyperventilation

  • Hyperventilation may be caused by various factors but is not associated with narcotic overdose.
  • Acute hyperventilation syndrome symptoms include tachypnea (rapid breathing) and tingling in extremities.

Alkalosis

  • Alkalosis occurs when blood acidity decreases due to excessive breathing, not from CO2 accumulation.

Dyspnea

  • Defined as shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, a critical symptom in respiratory assessment.

Anaphylaxis

  • Characterized by airway swelling and hypotension, with reactions often occurring within 60 minutes of exposure.
  • Acute pulmonary edema often results from right-sided heart failure, leading to severe respiratory distress.
  • In cases of respiratory distress, applying a CPAP device can be beneficial for patients with congestive heart failure.

Oxygenation and Ventilation

  • Patients with adequate air exchange exhibit regular inhalation and exhalation with clear, equal breath sounds.
  • Supplemental oxygen may be necessary for patients with low oxygen saturation levels.

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

  • ACS refers to a range of symptoms caused by myocardial ischemia, indicating inadequate blood flow to the heart.

Circulatory System

  • The iliac arteries branch into the femoral arteries, crucial for blood supply to the lower limbs.
  • The inferior vena cava collects deoxygenated blood from the legs, abdomen, and kidneys but not the brain.

Medical History

  • Key factors in medical history for patients with chest discomfort include family history of hypertension and smoking history.

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