Questions and Answers
On which of the following patients would it be MOST appropriate to use the flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device?
How does CPAP improve oxygenation and ventilation in patients with certain respiratory problems?
It forces the alveoli open and pushes more oxygen across the alveolar membrane.
If you are unable to effectively ventilate a critically injured patient with a bag-mask device, what should you do?
Begin ventilations using the mouth-to-mask technique.
Which of the following oxygen flowmeters is NOT affected by gravity and can be used in any position when attached to an oxygen cylinder?
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What should you do to prevent air from escaping when ventilating a patient with a stoma?
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In which of the following patients would the head tilt-chin lift maneuver be the MOST appropriate method of opening the airway?
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What is the MOST reliable indicator of adequately performed bag-mask ventilations in an apneic adult with a pulse?
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The pressure of gas in a full cylinder of oxygen is approximately _______ pounds per square inch (psi).
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Which of the following patients is breathing adequately?
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What should you do if someone suddenly grabs their throat and shows signs of choking?
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The __________ cartilage is a firm ring that forms the inferior part of the larynx.
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In the presence of oxygen, how do mitochondria convert glucose into energy?
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What occurs when a patient is breathing very rapidly and shallowly?
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What is the MOST serious complication associated with using a nasopharyngeal airway in a patient with trauma to the head or face?
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The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood of the capillaries is called _______.
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Oxygen supports the combustion process and may cause a fire.
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Why must an unconscious patient found in a prone position be placed in a supine position?
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What influences the hypoxic drive in patients with certain chronic respiratory diseases?
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What happens during inhalation?
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The jaw-thrust maneuver is used to open the airway of patients with suspected:
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What should be done if ventilation is impaired and carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream increase?
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What is the minute volume of a patient with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space volume of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min?
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In which of the following patients should you place in the recovery position?
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Which of the following structures is NOT found in the upper airway?
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What is the primary waste product of aerobic metabolism?
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What should you do for a patient presenting with sudden onset of difficulty breathing?
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Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that:
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What occurs during intrapulmonary shunting?
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What happens during a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q ratio) mismatch?
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What is the MOST significant complication associated with oropharyngeal suctioning?
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What facilitates gas exchange in the lungs?
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The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is _______ mm Hg, while the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is _______ mm Hg.
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Which of the following patients would MOST likely require insertion of an oropharyngeal airway?
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What should you do to assist the ventilations for a patient with severe respiratory distress?
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At a flow rate of 6 L/min, a nasal cannula can deliver an approximate oxygen concentration of up to:
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What is the first action when discovering an unconscious patient found in the prone position?
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Structures of the lower airway include all of the following, EXCEPT the:
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To select the proper size oropharyngeal airway, you should measure from the:
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With a good mask-to-face seal and an oxygen flow rate of 15 L/min, the nonrebreathing mask is capable of delivering up to ______% inspired oxygen.
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What should be done when an apneic woman with a bag-mask device suddenly begins regurgitating large amounts of vomit?
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An oxygen cylinder should be taken out of service and refilled when the pressure inside it is less than:
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Which of the following organs or tissues can survive the longest without oxygen?
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Where does the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?
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What must the EMT do immediately for a semiconscious patient following a sudden severe headache?
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When does the diaphragm function as an involuntary muscle?
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In mines or confined places, where oxygen levels are low, ventilation may continue despite adequate oxygenation.
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Patients breathing shallowly may require assisted ventilation despite a normal respiratory rate.
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What is the purpose of the pin-indexing system established for compressed gas cylinders?
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The leaf-shaped structure located superior to the larynx is called the epiglottis.
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How is a nasopharyngeal airway inserted?
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Each cell of the body combines nutrients and oxygen and produces energy and waste products through a process called:
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Which of the following factors will cause a decreased minute volume in an adult?
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Which of the following would NOT cause a decrease in tidal volume?
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How does positive-pressure ventilation affect cardiac output?
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In contrast to inhalation, exhalation is:
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What should you do for a patient who experienced severe head trauma and is unconscious?
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Study Notes
Airway Management Techniques
- Flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation devices are ideal for traumatic cardiac arrest patients.
- CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) opens alveoli and enhances oxygen transfer across the alveolar membrane.
- Mouth-to-mask technique is a viable alternative for effective ventilations when bag-mask devices fail.
- Bourdon-gauge flowmeters can be used in any position and are gravity-independent.
Patient Assessment and Interventions
- Seal the mouth and nose when ventilating a patient with a stoma to prevent air escape.
- The head tilt-chin lift maneuver is appropriate for unconscious patients without suspected spinal injuries.
- Rise of the chest during bag-mask ventilation is the most reliable indicator of proper ventilation.
- Oxygen cylinders contain gas pressure of approximately 2,000 psi.
- A conscious patient with 19 breaths/min and pink skin is considered to have adequate breathing.
Emergency Response
- Administer abdominal thrusts for conscious patients exhibiting signs of choking (weak cough, stridor, cyanosis).
- The cricoid cartilage forms the lower part of the larynx and plays a vital role during airway management.
- Aerobic metabolism is the process by which cells produce energy in the presence of oxygen.
- Rapid, shallow breathing results in air moving through anatomic dead space, preventing gas exchange.
Airway Devices and Measurements
- Nasopharyngeal airways should be avoided in head or facial trauma patients due to risks like cranial penetration.
- External respiration refers to the exchange of gases between alveoli and blood.
- Oxygen supports combustion and can be a fire hazard in certain environments.
- A semiconscious patient should be placed in the recovery position to maintain airway patency.
Oxygenation and Ventilation
- Diaphragm contractions lower intrathoracic pressure during inhalation.
- Jaw-thrust maneuvers assist patients with suspected cervical spine injuries.
- Reevaluation of ventilatory rates and volumes is crucial in cases of hypertension post-ventilation.
- Positive-pressure ventilation requires a higher volume compared to natural breathing to achieve similar effects.
Ventilation Techniques and Risks
- When using a bag-mask device with a loose denture, remove the denture to maintain effective ventilation.
- Oropharyngeal suctioning risks hypoxia due to prolonged suctioning attempts.
- Blood flow bypassing nonfunctional alveoli leads to intrapulmonary shunting, affecting oxygenation.
- Tidal volume is the air volume exchanged during a single breath, typically 500 mL in adults.
Patient Care Protocols
- Keep patients in a supine position if unconscious and likely to need CPR.
- Administer 100% oxygen via a nonrebreather mask for patients showing respiratory difficulty and adequate speech.
- Structures of the lower airway, excluding the epiglottis, are critical for understanding airway management.
- Recognize the common cause of airway obstruction in unconscious patients: the tongue.
Advanced Techniques and Equipment
- A 15 L/min flow rate with a nonrebreather mask can deliver up to 90% oxygen to the patient.
- Use proper sizing techniques for oropharyngeal airways, measuring from the corner of the mouth to the earlobe.
- Mechanical suctioning must generate over 300 mm Hg vacuum pressure for effective airway clearance.
- Monitor for improved gas exchange with adequate surfactant levels in the lungs.
Respiratory Physiology
- Cheyne-Stokes respirations indicate a pattern of increasing and decreasing breaths followed by apnea.
- Inadequate ventilation raises carbon dioxide levels, leading to hypercarbia.
- The Venturi mask is advantageous for stable patients requiring precise oxygen delivery adjustments.
- A respiratory rate for adults at rest typically ranges from 12 to 20 breaths/min.
Emergency Protocols
- Nasal cannulas are effective for patients unable to tolerate nonrebreathers, delivering approximately 44% oxygen at 6 L/min.
- Address airway management promptly for patients with suspected neurological disturbances and slow respirations.
- A nasopharyngeal airway is more beneficial in maintaining airway patency in semiconscious patients with a gag reflex.
- Identify the primary waste product of aerobic metabolism as carbon dioxide.
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Description
Test your knowledge with our EMT Chapter 10 flashcards focused on airway management. This quiz covers the use of flow-restricted ventilation devices and the role of CPAP in improving oxygenation. Perfect for EMT students preparing for practical and theoretical exams.
