EMT Chapter 10: Airway Management Quiz
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Questions and Answers

On which of the following patients would it be MOST appropriate to use the flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device?

  • A 35-year-old female with respiratory distress
  • A 21-year-old male with traumatic cardiac arrest (correct)
  • A 17-year-old female with asthma exacerbation
  • A 50-year-old male with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

    • How does CPAP improve oxygenation and ventilation in patients with certain respiratory problems?

    It forces the alveoli open and pushes more oxygen across the alveolar membrane.

    If you are unable to effectively ventilate a critically injured patient with a bag-mask device, what should you do?

    Begin ventilations using the mouth-to-mask technique.

    Which of the following oxygen flowmeters is NOT affected by gravity and can be used in any position when attached to an oxygen cylinder?

    <p>Bourdon-gauge flowmeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do to prevent air from escaping when ventilating a patient with a stoma?

    <p>Seal the mouth and nose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following patients would the head tilt-chin lift maneuver be the MOST appropriate method of opening the airway?

    <p>A 37-year-old female who is found unconscious in her bed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MOST reliable indicator of adequately performed bag-mask ventilations in an apneic adult with a pulse?

    <p>Adequate rise of the chest when squeezing the bag.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pressure of gas in a full cylinder of oxygen is approximately _______ pounds per square inch (psi).

    <p>2,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patients is breathing adequately?

    <p>A conscious male with respirations of 19 breaths/min and pink skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if someone suddenly grabs their throat and shows signs of choking?

    <p>Stand behind them and administer abdominal thrusts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ cartilage is a firm ring that forms the inferior part of the larynx.

    <p>cricoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the presence of oxygen, how do mitochondria convert glucose into energy?

    <p>Through aerobic metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a patient is breathing very rapidly and shallowly?

    <p>Air moves primarily in the anatomic dead space and does not participate in pulmonary gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MOST serious complication associated with using a nasopharyngeal airway in a patient with trauma to the head or face?

    <p>Penetrating the cranium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood of the capillaries is called _______.

    <p>external respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen supports the combustion process and may cause a fire.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must an unconscious patient found in a prone position be placed in a supine position?

    <p>In case he or she requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the hypoxic drive in patients with certain chronic respiratory diseases?

    <p>Low blood oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during inhalation?

    <p>The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and cause a decrease in intrathoracic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The jaw-thrust maneuver is used to open the airway of patients with suspected:

    <p>cervical spine injuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if ventilation is impaired and carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream increase?

    <p>This condition is called hypercarbia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minute volume of a patient with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space volume of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min?

    <p>5,600 mL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following patients should you place in the recovery position?

    <p>A 31-year-old semiconscious male with low blood sugar and adequate breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT found in the upper airway?

    <p>Bronchus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary waste product of aerobic metabolism?

    <p>Carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do for a patient presenting with sudden onset of difficulty breathing?

    <p>Administer 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that:

    <p>Moves into or out of the lungs in a single breath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during intrapulmonary shunting?

    <p>Blood coming from the right side of the heart bypasses nonfunctional alveoli and returns to the left side of the heart in an unoxygenated state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q ratio) mismatch?

    <p>A disruption in blood flow inhibits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, even though the alveoli are filled with fresh oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MOST significant complication associated with oropharyngeal suctioning?

    <p>Hypoxia due to prolonged suction attempts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What facilitates gas exchange in the lungs?

    <p>Adequate amounts of surfactant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is _______ mm Hg, while the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is _______ mm Hg.

    <p>104, 40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patients would MOST likely require insertion of an oropharyngeal airway?

    <p>A 40-year-old unconscious patient with slow, shallow respirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do to assist the ventilations for a patient with severe respiratory distress?

    <p>Assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At a flow rate of 6 L/min, a nasal cannula can deliver an approximate oxygen concentration of up to:

    <p>44%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first action when discovering an unconscious patient found in the prone position?

    <p>Log roll him as a unit to a supine position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Structures of the lower airway include all of the following, EXCEPT the:

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To select the proper size oropharyngeal airway, you should measure from the:

    <p>Corner of the mouth to the earlobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With a good mask-to-face seal and an oxygen flow rate of 15 L/min, the nonrebreathing mask is capable of delivering up to ______% inspired oxygen.

    <p>90</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when an apneic woman with a bag-mask device suddenly begins regurgitating large amounts of vomit?

    <p>Roll her onto her side and remove the oral airway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An oxygen cylinder should be taken out of service and refilled when the pressure inside it is less than:

    <p>500 psi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs or tissues can survive the longest without oxygen?

    <p>Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?

    <p>Alveolar sacs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must the EMT do immediately for a semiconscious patient following a sudden severe headache?

    <p>Perform oropharyngeal suctioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the diaphragm function as an involuntary muscle?

    <p>When a person sleeps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In mines or confined places, where oxygen levels are low, ventilation may continue despite adequate oxygenation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients breathing shallowly may require assisted ventilation despite a normal respiratory rate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pin-indexing system established for compressed gas cylinders?

    <p>To ensure that the correct regulator is used for the cylinder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The leaf-shaped structure located superior to the larynx is called the epiglottis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a nasopharyngeal airway inserted?

    <p>With the bevel facing the septum if inserted into the right nare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each cell of the body combines nutrients and oxygen and produces energy and waste products through a process called:

    <p>metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors will cause a decreased minute volume in an adult?

    <p>Shallow breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would NOT cause a decrease in tidal volume?

    <p>Deep respirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does positive-pressure ventilation affect cardiac output?

    <p>It increases intrathoracic pressure, which decreases venous return to the heart and causes a decrease in cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In contrast to inhalation, exhalation is:

    <p>A passive process caused by increased intrathoracic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do for a patient who experienced severe head trauma and is unconscious?

    <p>Alternate 15 seconds of oral suctioning with 2 minutes of assisted ventilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Airway Management Techniques

    • Flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation devices are ideal for traumatic cardiac arrest patients.
    • CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) opens alveoli and enhances oxygen transfer across the alveolar membrane.
    • Mouth-to-mask technique is a viable alternative for effective ventilations when bag-mask devices fail.
    • Bourdon-gauge flowmeters can be used in any position and are gravity-independent.

    Patient Assessment and Interventions

    • Seal the mouth and nose when ventilating a patient with a stoma to prevent air escape.
    • The head tilt-chin lift maneuver is appropriate for unconscious patients without suspected spinal injuries.
    • Rise of the chest during bag-mask ventilation is the most reliable indicator of proper ventilation.
    • Oxygen cylinders contain gas pressure of approximately 2,000 psi.
    • A conscious patient with 19 breaths/min and pink skin is considered to have adequate breathing.

    Emergency Response

    • Administer abdominal thrusts for conscious patients exhibiting signs of choking (weak cough, stridor, cyanosis).
    • The cricoid cartilage forms the lower part of the larynx and plays a vital role during airway management.
    • Aerobic metabolism is the process by which cells produce energy in the presence of oxygen.
    • Rapid, shallow breathing results in air moving through anatomic dead space, preventing gas exchange.

    Airway Devices and Measurements

    • Nasopharyngeal airways should be avoided in head or facial trauma patients due to risks like cranial penetration.
    • External respiration refers to the exchange of gases between alveoli and blood.
    • Oxygen supports combustion and can be a fire hazard in certain environments.
    • A semiconscious patient should be placed in the recovery position to maintain airway patency.

    Oxygenation and Ventilation

    • Diaphragm contractions lower intrathoracic pressure during inhalation.
    • Jaw-thrust maneuvers assist patients with suspected cervical spine injuries.
    • Reevaluation of ventilatory rates and volumes is crucial in cases of hypertension post-ventilation.
    • Positive-pressure ventilation requires a higher volume compared to natural breathing to achieve similar effects.

    Ventilation Techniques and Risks

    • When using a bag-mask device with a loose denture, remove the denture to maintain effective ventilation.
    • Oropharyngeal suctioning risks hypoxia due to prolonged suctioning attempts.
    • Blood flow bypassing nonfunctional alveoli leads to intrapulmonary shunting, affecting oxygenation.
    • Tidal volume is the air volume exchanged during a single breath, typically 500 mL in adults.

    Patient Care Protocols

    • Keep patients in a supine position if unconscious and likely to need CPR.
    • Administer 100% oxygen via a nonrebreather mask for patients showing respiratory difficulty and adequate speech.
    • Structures of the lower airway, excluding the epiglottis, are critical for understanding airway management.
    • Recognize the common cause of airway obstruction in unconscious patients: the tongue.

    Advanced Techniques and Equipment

    • A 15 L/min flow rate with a nonrebreather mask can deliver up to 90% oxygen to the patient.
    • Use proper sizing techniques for oropharyngeal airways, measuring from the corner of the mouth to the earlobe.
    • Mechanical suctioning must generate over 300 mm Hg vacuum pressure for effective airway clearance.
    • Monitor for improved gas exchange with adequate surfactant levels in the lungs.

    Respiratory Physiology

    • Cheyne-Stokes respirations indicate a pattern of increasing and decreasing breaths followed by apnea.
    • Inadequate ventilation raises carbon dioxide levels, leading to hypercarbia.
    • The Venturi mask is advantageous for stable patients requiring precise oxygen delivery adjustments.
    • A respiratory rate for adults at rest typically ranges from 12 to 20 breaths/min.

    Emergency Protocols

    • Nasal cannulas are effective for patients unable to tolerate nonrebreathers, delivering approximately 44% oxygen at 6 L/min.
    • Address airway management promptly for patients with suspected neurological disturbances and slow respirations.
    • A nasopharyngeal airway is more beneficial in maintaining airway patency in semiconscious patients with a gag reflex.
    • Identify the primary waste product of aerobic metabolism as carbon dioxide.

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    Test your knowledge with our EMT Chapter 10 flashcards focused on airway management. This quiz covers the use of flow-restricted ventilation devices and the role of CPAP in improving oxygenation. Perfect for EMT students preparing for practical and theoretical exams.

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