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Questions and Answers
What should you do if a woman regurgitates large amounts of vomit while being ventilated with a bag-valve mask?
What should you do if a woman regurgitates large amounts of vomit while being ventilated with a bag-valve mask?
Roll her onto her side and remove the oral airway.
For which patients is CPAP indicated?
For which patients is CPAP indicated?
Patients who have pulmonary edema and can follow verbal commands.
How is hypoxia defined?
How is hypoxia defined?
Inadequate O2 to the tissues and cells.
How does positive-pressure ventilation affect cardiac output?
How does positive-pressure ventilation affect cardiac output?
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What is the most serious complication of using a nasopharyngeal airway in a patient with head trauma?
What is the most serious complication of using a nasopharyngeal airway in a patient with head trauma?
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When is a nasal cannula most appropriately used in the prehospital setting?
When is a nasal cannula most appropriately used in the prehospital setting?
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What process do cells use to convert glucose into energy in the presence of oxygen?
What process do cells use to convert glucose into energy in the presence of oxygen?
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What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult at rest?
What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult at rest?
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What can help minimize the risk of gastric distention when ventilating an apneic patient?
What can help minimize the risk of gastric distention when ventilating an apneic patient?
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What is tidal volume defined as?
What is tidal volume defined as?
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What is the most appropriate treatment for a conscious patient experiencing a foreign body airway obstruction?
What is the most appropriate treatment for a conscious patient experiencing a foreign body airway obstruction?
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The __________ cartilage is a firm ring that forms the inferior part of the larynx.
The __________ cartilage is a firm ring that forms the inferior part of the larynx.
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What is the jaw-thrust maneuver used for?
What is the jaw-thrust maneuver used for?
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What should you do for a patient in respiratory distress who is conscious but unable to follow simple verbal commands?
What should you do for a patient in respiratory distress who is conscious but unable to follow simple verbal commands?
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Which patient would most likely require insertion of an oropharyngeal airway?
Which patient would most likely require insertion of an oropharyngeal airway?
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What is oxygen toxicity?
What is oxygen toxicity?
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Which factor would NOT cause a decrease in tidal volume?
Which factor would NOT cause a decrease in tidal volume?
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What condition occurs if ventilation is impaired?
What condition occurs if ventilation is impaired?
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Where does the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?
Where does the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?
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What is the purpose of the pin-indexing system for compressed gas cylinders?
What is the purpose of the pin-indexing system for compressed gas cylinders?
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On which type of patient would it be most appropriate to use a flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device?
On which type of patient would it be most appropriate to use a flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device?
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In which situation should supplemental oxygen be administered according to current guidelines?
In which situation should supplemental oxygen be administered according to current guidelines?
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What does passive ventilation refer to during the first few minutes of working on a cardiac arrest patient?
What does passive ventilation refer to during the first few minutes of working on a cardiac arrest patient?
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How does CPAP improve oxygenation and ventilation in patients?
How does CPAP improve oxygenation and ventilation in patients?
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What is the advantage of placing an unresponsive patient in the recovery position?
What is the advantage of placing an unresponsive patient in the recovery position?
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What should you do if you are unable to effectively ventilate a critically injured patient?
What should you do if you are unable to effectively ventilate a critically injured patient?
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Which oxygen flowmeter is NOT affected by gravity?
Which oxygen flowmeter is NOT affected by gravity?
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What does wheezing indicate when assessing a patient with respiratory distress?
What does wheezing indicate when assessing a patient with respiratory distress?
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What should you do while ventilating a patient with a stoma?
What should you do while ventilating a patient with a stoma?
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What are complications associated with using a manually triggered ventilation device?
What are complications associated with using a manually triggered ventilation device?
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What is a late sign of hypoxia?
What is a late sign of hypoxia?
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In which case would the head tilt-chin lift maneuver be most appropriate?
In which case would the head tilt-chin lift maneuver be most appropriate?
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What is the most reliable indicator of adequately performed bag-mask ventilations in an apneic adult with a pulse?
What is the most reliable indicator of adequately performed bag-mask ventilations in an apneic adult with a pulse?
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The pressure of gas in a full cylinder of oxygen is approximately _______ pounds per square inch (psi).
The pressure of gas in a full cylinder of oxygen is approximately _______ pounds per square inch (psi).
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Which patient is breathing adequately?
Which patient is breathing adequately?
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What should you do if your partner shows signs of choking and has a weak cough?
What should you do if your partner shows signs of choking and has a weak cough?
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What is external respiration?
What is external respiration?
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Which condition can cause an increase in the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide?
Which condition can cause an increase in the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide?
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What is a correct statement regarding oxygen?
What is a correct statement regarding oxygen?
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Why must an unconscious patient found in a prone position be placed supine?
Why must an unconscious patient found in a prone position be placed supine?
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What influences the hypoxic drive for patients with chronic respiratory diseases?
What influences the hypoxic drive for patients with chronic respiratory diseases?
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What type of mask should a hypoxic patient who is breathing adequately be given?
What type of mask should a hypoxic patient who is breathing adequately be given?
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What happens during inhalation?
What happens during inhalation?
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The diaphragm is innervated by the _________ nerve, which allows it to contract.
The diaphragm is innervated by the _________ nerve, which allows it to contract.
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If an apneic patient's blood pressure decreases significantly while ventilating, what should you do?
If an apneic patient's blood pressure decreases significantly while ventilating, what should you do?
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What is true regarding positive-pressure ventilation?
What is true regarding positive-pressure ventilation?
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Calculate the minute volume for a patient with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space volume of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min.
Calculate the minute volume for a patient with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space volume of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min.
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Who should be placed in the recovery position?
Who should be placed in the recovery position?
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Which structure is NOT found in the upper airway?
Which structure is NOT found in the upper airway?
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What should be administered to a patient presenting with difficulty breathing who is conscious?
What should be administered to a patient presenting with difficulty breathing who is conscious?
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What occurs during intrapulmonary shunting?
What occurs during intrapulmonary shunting?
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What is a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q ratio) mismatch?
What is a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q ratio) mismatch?
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What is the most significant complication associated with oropharyngeal suctioning?
What is the most significant complication associated with oropharyngeal suctioning?
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The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is _______ mm Hg, while the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is _______ mm Hg.
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is _______ mm Hg, while the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is _______ mm Hg.
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At a flow rate of 6 L/min, what approximate oxygen concentration can a nasal cannula deliver?
At a flow rate of 6 L/min, what approximate oxygen concentration can a nasal cannula deliver?
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What is your first action when finding an unconscious patient in a prone position?
What is your first action when finding an unconscious patient in a prone position?
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Which structure is NOT part of the lower airway?
Which structure is NOT part of the lower airway?
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With a good mask-to-face seal and an oxygen flow rate of 15 L/min, a nonrebreathing mask is capable of delivering up to ______% inspired oxygen.
With a good mask-to-face seal and an oxygen flow rate of 15 L/min, a nonrebreathing mask is capable of delivering up to ______% inspired oxygen.
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What should be done if a patient begins to gag violently while inserting an oropharyngeal airway?
What should be done if a patient begins to gag violently while inserting an oropharyngeal airway?
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When should an oxygen cylinder be taken out of service and refilled?
When should an oxygen cylinder be taken out of service and refilled?
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Which organ or tissue can survive the longest without oxygen?
Which organ or tissue can survive the longest without oxygen?
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When does the diaphragm function as an involuntary muscle?
When does the diaphragm function as an involuntary muscle?
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What statement regarding oxygenation and ventilation is correct?
What statement regarding oxygenation and ventilation is correct?
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What is the main advantage of the Venturi mask?
What is the main advantage of the Venturi mask?
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What should you do if adequate chest rise is present while ventilating a patient with dentures?
What should you do if adequate chest rise is present while ventilating a patient with dentures?
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Why is a nasopharyngeal airway considered beneficial?
Why is a nasopharyngeal airway considered beneficial?
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What is true regarding the one-person bag-mask device technique?
What is true regarding the one-person bag-mask device technique?
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What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations?
What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations?
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When testing a mechanical suctioning unit, what vacuum pressure should it generate?
When testing a mechanical suctioning unit, what vacuum pressure should it generate?
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What feedback do central chemoreceptors in the medulla provide?
What feedback do central chemoreceptors in the medulla provide?
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What should you do if a patient receiving CPAP shows increased heart rate and confusion?
What should you do if a patient receiving CPAP shows increased heart rate and confusion?
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What is the preferred initial method of providing ventilations for an apneic patient?
What is the preferred initial method of providing ventilations for an apneic patient?
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Which structure is contained within the mediastinum?
Which structure is contained within the mediastinum?
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What percentage of oxygen is a patient receiving when performing mouth-to-mask ventilations at 15 L/min?
What percentage of oxygen is a patient receiving when performing mouth-to-mask ventilations at 15 L/min?
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What should you do to prevent gastric distention while assisting with respirations?
What should you do to prevent gastric distention while assisting with respirations?
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What must be ensured prior to applying a nonrebreathing mask?
What must be ensured prior to applying a nonrebreathing mask?
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How is a nasopharyngeal airway inserted?
How is a nasopharyngeal airway inserted?
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What will cause a decreased minute volume in an adult?
What will cause a decreased minute volume in an adult?
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What happens during exhalation compared to inhalation?
What happens during exhalation compared to inhalation?
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How should you manage the airway of a patient with severe head trauma who has rapid and shallow breathing?
How should you manage the airway of a patient with severe head trauma who has rapid and shallow breathing?
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What method will you use to keep the airway open for an unconscious patient who was hit by a heavy construction vehicle?
What method will you use to keep the airway open for an unconscious patient who was hit by a heavy construction vehicle?
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Study Notes
Airway Management Key Concepts
- Inserting an oral airway and performing bag-valve mask ventilation can lead to complications such as regurgitation; rolling the patient onto their side helps manage this.
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is beneficial for patients with pulmonary edema who can communicate.
- Hypoxia is defined as the insufficiency of oxygen reaching tissues and cells.
- Positive-pressure ventilation reduces cardiac output by increasing intrathoracic pressure, hindering venous return.
- Using a nasopharyngeal airway in head or facial trauma increases the risk of penetrating the cranium.
- Nasal cannula is suitable when the patient cannot tolerate a nonrebreathing mask, typically used for low-flow oxygen delivery.
Breathing Mechanics and Interventions
- Aerobic metabolism is the process by which cells use oxygen to convert glucose into energy.
- Normal respiratory rates for adults range from 12 to 20 breaths per minute.
- To minimize gastric distention during bag-valve mask ventilation, maintain appropriate tidal volume without excessive delivery.
- Tidal volume represents the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath.
- In conscious patients with foreign body obstruction, encourage coughing and transport; it indicates effective airway clearance.
Airway Devices and Techniques
- The cricoid cartilage forms the lower boundary of the larynx and provides structural support.
- For suspected cervical spine injuries, use the jaw-thrust maneuver to maintain airway patency.
- Assist ventilation with a bag-mask device for patients exhibiting severe respiratory distress and low oxygen saturation.
- Unconscious patients with shallow respirations may require insertion of an oropharyngeal airway for effective airway maintenance.
Oxygenation and Ventilation
- Oxygen toxicity can lead to cellular damage from excessively high oxygen levels.
- Deep respirations do not inherently decrease tidal volume, whereas conditions like obstructive breathing do.
- Impaired ventilation increases carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, a condition known as hypercarbia.
- Alveolar sacs are the sites of gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- The pin-indexing system ensures compatibility between regulators and gas cylinders.
Patient Management and Assessments
- Use passive ventilation during the initial minutes of cardiac arrest care to draw air into the lungs.
- CPAP improves oxygenation by keeping alveoli open and enhancing gas exchange.
- The recovery position maintains a clear airway while preventing aspiration in unresponsive patients.
- Complications such as lung tissue injury and gastric distention may arise from manually triggered ventilation devices.
- Hypoxia manifests late in its progression as cyanosis, indicating critical oxygen deficiency.
Techniques and Emergency Evaluations
- Use the head tilt-chin lift maneuver for non-trauma unresponsive patients to open their airway effectively.
- Adequate chest rise when bag-mask ventilating indicates successful air delivery.
- Oxygen cylinders operate at high pressure, usually around 2,000 psi when full.
- Patients exhibiting stable vital signs and adequate respirations should be placed in recovery positions for monitoring.
Advanced Respiratory Concepts
- Intrapulmonary shunting occurs when blood bypasses non-functional alveoli, returning unoxygenated to the left heart.
- Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatches occur when blood flow abnormalities prevent efficient gas exchange despite healthy alveolar function.
- Oxygen levels must be monitored closely to avoid fires, as they support combustion.
- Muscle tissue has a higher tolerance to oxygen deprivation compared to other organs, enabling it to survive longer without oxygen.
Specific Conditions and Patient Responses
- Use a mouth-to-mask technique for ventilating apneic patients as the preferred primary method to ensure effective air delivery.
- An unconscious prone patient must be log-rolled to supine to facilitate potential CPR needs.
- Administer supplemental oxygen with nonrebreathing masks for patients presenting with hypoxia and high respiratory rates.
- The diaphragm's innervation through the phrenic nerve controls involuntary breathing, essential during sleep.
- Shallow breathing results in decreased minute volume, impacting overall ventilation efficiency.
Emergency Procedures and Responses
- Effective management of airway in patients with trauma may involve alternating suctioning and assisted ventilation to ensure airway clearance.
- A combination of oral suctioning and ventilation timing of 15 seconds and 2 minutes is recommended for managing copious oral secretions.
- Ensure proper positioning and inflation of reservoir bags for nonrebreathing masks to guarantee maximum oxygen delivery.
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Description
Test your knowledge on airway management with this quiz focused on EMT Chapter 10. Review critical concepts such as the use of oral airways, managing patients in respiratory distress, and recognizing signs of hypoxia. Perfect for aspiring EMTs or those preparing for exams!