Empowerment Technologies Lesson 2

Online Threats and Safety Measures

• Online threats can range from malware to phishing and spam, presenting risks to users' personal information and security.
• It is essential to acknowledge one's responsibility for personal information shared online, as it can have lasting implications on reputation.

Types of Malware

• Malware: General term for harmful software designed to disrupt operations, steal information, or gain unauthorized access.
• Viruses: Malicious code designed to replicate and spread from one system to another, potentially deleting critical files.
• Worms: Self-replicating programs that transfer via networks without user intervention, often used to spread junk mail.
• Trojan Horses: Malicious programs disguised as legitimate software, allowing unauthorized access and potential data theft.
• Spyware: Background-running programs that monitor user activities, often collecting sensitive information such as passwords.
• Adware: Software that generates unwanted advertisements, often traps users into installation through deceptive methods.

How Malware Spreads

• Common methods include infected email attachments, untrusted websites, infected downloads, and removable media devices.

Consequences of Malware Infection

• Data Loss: Viruses may delete files or render hard drives unusable.
• Identity Theft: Malware like keyloggers captures sensitive information such as passwords and banking details.
• Botnets: Computers can be commandeered for malicious purposes, contributing to larger cyber-attacks.
• Financial Loss: Access to financial information can result in unauthorized charges or drained accounts.

Signs of Malware Infection

• Slower device performance, unexpected restarts, strange error messages, or unusual files appearing are typical indicators of infection.

Preventative Measures Against Malware

• Install and regularly update antivirus/malware software.
• Ensure operating systems are up to date.
• Use strong, secure networks and avoid open Wi-Fi.
• Be cautious with downloads and email attachments, particularly from unknown sources.

Spam and Phishing

• Spam: Unwanted emails often used for advertising or to distribute malware; legitimate companies also utilize similar tactics.
• Phishing: Attempts to acquire personal information through fraudulent emails that redirect users to fake websites.

Tips for Staying Safe Online

• Maintain privacy by controlling shared information and understanding the terms of service of websites.
• Use strong, unique passwords and never share them.
• Avoid public Wi-Fi for sensitive tasks and consider using secure private networks.
• Regularly review security features of social networking platforms.

Computer Code of Ethics

• Treat computer information with respect, akin to written or spoken words; avoid plagiarism and unauthorized modification.
• Abide by laws against distributing destructive software or sending inappropriate content.

Netiquette Guidelines

• Golden Rule: Treat others online as you wish to be treated.
• Avoid personal insults or "flaming" and understand perceived shouting via all-caps typing.
• Refrain from spamming or engaging with unknown individuals in chats.
• Maintain proper spelling and grammar to support message credibility and respect for others.

Copyright and Plagiarism

• Always assume that online works are copyrighted and seek permission before use.
• Understand that plagiarism involves using protected works without authorization and can have legal consequences.
• Proper practices include crediting original authors and reviewing licensing agreements before using or altering content.