Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main premise of equity theory regarding employee satisfaction?
What is the main premise of equity theory regarding employee satisfaction?
Which factor in expectancy theory relates to the perceived relationship between effort and outcome?
Which factor in expectancy theory relates to the perceived relationship between effort and outcome?
What does the concept of 'inputs' in equity theory refer to?
What does the concept of 'inputs' in equity theory refer to?
How does organizational justice influence employee motivation according to the discussed theories?
How does organizational justice influence employee motivation according to the discussed theories?
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In expectancy theory, what does 'valence' refer to?
In expectancy theory, what does 'valence' refer to?
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What does the Premack Principle highlight regarding reinforcement?
What does the Premack Principle highlight regarding reinforcement?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of financial incentive?
Which of the following is NOT a type of financial incentive?
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What is the primary purpose of group incentive plans?
What is the primary purpose of group incentive plans?
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Which of the following describes 'gainsharing'?
Which of the following describes 'gainsharing'?
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What internal factor primarily drives an employee to action?
What internal factor primarily drives an employee to action?
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What is the main feature of 'pay for performance' systems?
What is the main feature of 'pay for performance' systems?
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Which personality dimension is considered the best predictor of work performance?
Which personality dimension is considered the best predictor of work performance?
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Which of the following is an example of social recognition?
Which of the following is an example of social recognition?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that can enhance employee motivation?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can enhance employee motivation?
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What distinguishes merit pay from other incentive plans?
What distinguishes merit pay from other incentive plans?
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Which characteristic is most associated with an individual's tendency for intrinsic motivation?
Which characteristic is most associated with an individual's tendency for intrinsic motivation?
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What is the essence of an individual's reinforcement hierarchy?
What is the essence of an individual's reinforcement hierarchy?
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Which of the following factors can help measure employees' motivation levels?
Which of the following factors can help measure employees' motivation levels?
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What is one of the four individual differences most related to work motivation?
What is one of the four individual differences most related to work motivation?
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Which behavior exemplifies organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)?
Which behavior exemplifies organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)?
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Which dimension of personality is most correlated with the number of promotions received?
Which dimension of personality is most correlated with the number of promotions received?
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What is the primary focus of operant conditioning in terms of behavior?
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning in terms of behavior?
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Which factor is crucial for the effectiveness of incentive programs according to the research?
Which factor is crucial for the effectiveness of incentive programs according to the research?
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What was the outcome of the intervention where daily feedback and weekly monetary reinforcement were provided to a roofing crew?
What was the outcome of the intervention where daily feedback and weekly monetary reinforcement were provided to a roofing crew?
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How did the 'World Series of Quality Control' at a package delivery company motivate employees?
How did the 'World Series of Quality Control' at a package delivery company motivate employees?
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What is the implication of the contingency of consequences in incentive programs?
What is the implication of the contingency of consequences in incentive programs?
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Which method contributed to an 81% reduction in injuries at a petroleum refinery?
Which method contributed to an 81% reduction in injuries at a petroleum refinery?
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What type of incentive is suggested to be essential for motivating productive work behavior?
What type of incentive is suggested to be essential for motivating productive work behavior?
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What effect does a delayed incentive have on performance according to the research?
What effect does a delayed incentive have on performance according to the research?
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What are the two main factors in Herzberg’s needs theory related to job satisfaction?
What are the two main factors in Herzberg’s needs theory related to job satisfaction?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a properly set SMART goal?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a properly set SMART goal?
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In the context of goal-setting, what does the 'R' in SMART stand for?
In the context of goal-setting, what does the 'R' in SMART stand for?
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What is the purpose of making goals measurable?
What is the purpose of making goals measurable?
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Which of the following best describes a goal that is difficult but attainable?
Which of the following best describes a goal that is difficult but attainable?
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Why is it important for goals to have a time frame?
Why is it important for goals to have a time frame?
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Which type of goal would be considered inappropriate for a landfill worker?
Which type of goal would be considered inappropriate for a landfill worker?
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What is an example of a specific goal?
What is an example of a specific goal?
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What are the three primary outcomes that employees desire from their jobs according to Hackman and Oldham's theory?
What are the three primary outcomes that employees desire from their jobs according to Hackman and Oldham's theory?
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Which need is NOT part of Maslow's hierarchy?
Which need is NOT part of Maslow's hierarchy?
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What theory describes three levels of satisfaction: existence, relatedness, and growth?
What theory describes three levels of satisfaction: existence, relatedness, and growth?
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According to the job characteristics theory, how does a discrepancy between job outcomes and employee needs affect motivation?
According to the job characteristics theory, how does a discrepancy between job outcomes and employee needs affect motivation?
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Which of the following are considered basic biological needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
Which of the following are considered basic biological needs in Maslow's hierarchy?
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What does the term 'autonomy' refer to in the context of job characteristics theory?
What does the term 'autonomy' refer to in the context of job characteristics theory?
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In Maslow's hierarchy, what do 'ego needs' pertain to?
In Maslow's hierarchy, what do 'ego needs' pertain to?
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What can lead to low levels of motivation and job satisfaction according to the needs, values, and wants framework?
What can lead to low levels of motivation and job satisfaction according to the needs, values, and wants framework?
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Study Notes
Employee Motivation
- Employee motivation is driven by internal forces and external factors that encourage action.
- Ability and skills are key for properly performing a role.
- Motivation is essential for workers to perform their roles effectively and appropriately.
Work Behaviors Implying Motivation
- High performance level is indicated by excellent supervisor ratings, high productivity, high quality, and low levels of wasted materials.
- Exemplary attendance, and arriving to work early and staying late are also signs of motivation.
- Volunteering for extra duties, and helping coworkers are examples of organizational citizenship behaviors.
- Employee development, taking part in training, and accepting feedback shows self-improvement efforts.
Theories Relating to Motivation
- Employee motivation is improved when personalities tend to favor motivation, expectations are met, jobs and organizations respect values, achievable goals are set, feedback is given, and goals are achieved with reward and fair treatment from coworkers.
Employee Predisposition to Motivation
- Psychologists have identified that some employees tend to be more motivated than others from the start of their employment careers.
Individual Differences Related to Work Motivation
- Psychological traits associated with employee work motivation include personality, self-esteem, intrinsic motivation tendency, and need for achievement.
Personality
- Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), a form of positive work behavior, can be influenced by openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and stability traits.
- Conscientiousness is found most related to work performance, organization citizenship behavior and academic performance.
- Stability is correlated with salary and goal setting.
- Extraversion is most highly correlated with the number of promotions received.
Self-Esteem
- Chronic self-esteem is the positive or negative way in which someone views himself or herself in general.
- Self-esteem can be situational depending on the circumstances.
- Socially influenced self-esteem is the positive or negative way in which a person views himself or herself based on the expectations or opinions of others.
Employee Motivation Theories
- Consistency theory is Korman's theory suggesting that employees will be motivated based on and consistent with their self-esteem levels.
- Self-fulfilling prophecy implies that people tend to behave according to their own self-image.
- The Galatea effect is when high self-expectations result in better performance in employees.
- The Pygmalion effect or Rosenthal effect suggests that if people believe something to be true, they will act in a way that corresponds or is consistent with that belief.
- The Golem effect involves negative expectations causing a decrease in employee performance.
Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation
- Intrinsic motivation is work motivation in the absence of external factors such as pay, promotion in addition to coworkers.
- Extrinsic motivators include non-personal factors like pay, coworkers, and opportunities for advancement.
- The Work Preference Inventory (WPI) is a measurement to determine the orientation of an individual toward intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation.
Needs and Values Related to Motivation
- Need for achievement is the extent to which a person desires to be successful.
- Need for affiliation is the extent to which a person wants to be around others.
- Need for power is the extent to which a person desires control over other people.
- Maslow's needs hierarchy identifies five needs: biological, safety, social, ego, and self-actualization.
- Alderfer proposes the ERG theory with three levels: existence, relatedness, and growth needs.
- Herzberg's two-factor theory proposes two factors influencing employee job satisfaction: hygiene factors and motivators.
- Hygiene factors are elements related to jobs but external to the job, while motivators are elements related to the job itself.
Employee Achievable Goals
- Goal setting is a method of performance improvement focused on specific performance goals.
- SMART goals represent Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Timely requirements.
- Proper goal setting demands concrete and detailed goals (specific).
- Goals must be measurable and capable of statistical quantification (measurable).
- Attainable goals are those attainable for employees (attainable).
- Goals should be relevant to the responsibilities and context of the worker (relevant).
- Setting timely goals implies specific timelines for job completions (timely).
Employee Rewards for Goal Achievement
- Operant conditioning concerns how humans react based on favorable or unfavorable outcomes from their behavior.
- Reward systems affect motivation and performance as researched and demonstrated by various studies.
Meeting Employee's Values and Expectations
- Job expectations can significantly affect an employee's motivation and satisfaction when there is a major discrepancy between what an employee expects and what they experience in reality.
- Providing realistic job previews (RJP) in recruitment and hiring is a method for job applicants to know both the positive and negative aspects of a job.
Job Characteristics Theory
- Hackman and Oldham's theory suggests that job characteristics affect satisfaction levels depending on worker needs.
- Meaningful work, autonomy, and feedback are required for effective job performance and increased employee motivation.
Needs, Values, and Wants
- Discrepancies between personal needs, values, and wants and what a job offers can lead to low levels of motivation and satisfaction.
- Maslow's needs hierarchy, ERG theory, and two-factor theory focus on employee needs and values.
Motivation Hierarchy
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs identifies basic biological needs (e.g., food, air, water), safety needs (e.g., security, stability), social needs (e.g., interacting with others), ego needs (e.g., recognition, success), and self-actualization needs (e.g., realizing one's potential) as a hierarchy of importance for employee satisfaction.
- Alderfer's ERG theory has 3 needs: existence, relatedness, and growth.
- Herzberg's two-factor theory involves hygiene factors and motivators.
Fairness of Reward Systems (Equity)
- Equity theory suggests employee satisfaction occurs when the ratio of effort to reward is similar to that of other employees.
- Input refers to elements employees put into their jobs, output are the results employees get, an input-output ratio is calculated to determine if the employee believes the compensation received is fair, and organizational justice implies that employees view the reward system fairly.
Expectancy Theory
- Vroom's expectancy theory suggests motivation is affected by expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
- Expectancy is the relationship between the employee's effort and the outcome.
- Instrumentality is the connection between performance and consequences.
- Valence is the employee's value for a possible consequence.
Reference
- Aamodt, M. G. Industrial/Organizational Psychology. 8th Edition. (This is a potential reference. The original text did not provide specifics beyond the title).
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Description
Explore the factors driving employee motivation and the behaviors that indicate high motivation levels. This quiz delves into theories of motivation and the impact of skills and abilities on workplace performance. Test your understanding of motivational strategies that enhance organizational citizenship behaviors and personal development.
