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Questions and Answers
What is a merit pay plan primarily based on?
What is a merit pay plan primarily based on?
- Employee's personal goals
- Length of service in the company
- Individual, group, or organization performance (correct)
- General market trends and wages
What is the purpose of employee stock options?
What is the purpose of employee stock options?
- To motivate employees through ownership in the firm (correct)
- To provide immediate cash bonuses
- To ensure job security for employees
- To replace base salary increases
Which theory connects pay to the achievement of goals?
Which theory connects pay to the achievement of goals?
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- Goal setting theory (correct)
- Reinforcement theory
- Expectancy theory
How can individual performance be accurately measured for merit pay?
How can individual performance be accurately measured for merit pay?
What motivates employee performance according to learning theory?
What motivates employee performance according to learning theory?
What type of needs does Alderfer's ERG theory categorize as the highest level?
What type of needs does Alderfer's ERG theory categorize as the highest level?
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, what motivates a person to satisfy lower-level needs?
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, what motivates a person to satisfy lower-level needs?
In Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory, which of the following is considered a motivator need?
In Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory, which of the following is considered a motivator need?
Which of the following best describes hygiene needs in Herzberg's theory?
Which of the following best describes hygiene needs in Herzberg's theory?
What is an example of how managers can help satisfy relatedness needs in the workplace?
What is an example of how managers can help satisfy relatedness needs in the workplace?
In the context of Alderfer's ERG theory, which need corresponds to basic requirements like food and shelter?
In the context of Alderfer's ERG theory, which need corresponds to basic requirements like food and shelter?
Which factor is essential for high job satisfaction according to Herzberg's theory?
Which factor is essential for high job satisfaction according to Herzberg's theory?
What role does skill development play in satisfying growth needs?
What role does skill development play in satisfying growth needs?
What are motivator needs primarily concerned with?
What are motivator needs primarily concerned with?
What does the need for achievement focus on?
What does the need for achievement focus on?
What defines equity in the context of Equity Theory?
What defines equity in the context of Equity Theory?
Which of the following best describes the need for affiliation?
Which of the following best describes the need for affiliation?
In McClelland’s theory, what does the need for power entail?
In McClelland’s theory, what does the need for power entail?
How is job satisfaction most directly affected according to Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory?
How is job satisfaction most directly affected according to Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory?
What are hygiene needs primarily related to in the workplace?
What are hygiene needs primarily related to in the workplace?
Which condition signifies equity in the perception of outcomes and inputs?
Which condition signifies equity in the perception of outcomes and inputs?
What does expectancy refer to in the Expectancy Theory?
What does expectancy refer to in the Expectancy Theory?
Who formulated Expectancy Theory in the 1960s?
Who formulated Expectancy Theory in the 1960s?
In the context of Expectancy Theory, what does instrumentality measure?
In the context of Expectancy Theory, what does instrumentality measure?
According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which level of needs is the primary motivator when unmet?
According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which level of needs is the primary motivator when unmet?
Which of the following statements about Need Theories is accurate?
Which of the following statements about Need Theories is accurate?
What does valence measure in the Expectancy Theory framework?
What does valence measure in the Expectancy Theory framework?
How many basic needs are arranged in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
How many basic needs are arranged in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
What is a defining characteristic of Need Theories?
What is a defining characteristic of Need Theories?
What is informational justice primarily concerned with?
What is informational justice primarily concerned with?
Which characteristic is essential for goals to be effective in Goal-Setting Theory?
Which characteristic is essential for goals to be effective in Goal-Setting Theory?
What do Learning Theories aim to increase in employees?
What do Learning Theories aim to increase in employees?
What is the purpose of positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?
What is the purpose of positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?
Which of the following tools is NOT used in operant conditioning?
Which of the following tools is NOT used in operant conditioning?
What does extinction in operant conditioning aim to achieve?
What does extinction in operant conditioning aim to achieve?
What is a recommended strategy for administering punishment according to the guidelines?
What is a recommended strategy for administering punishment according to the guidelines?
In operant conditioning, what is the effect of negative reinforcement?
In operant conditioning, what is the effect of negative reinforcement?
What does Organizational Behavior Modification (OB MOD) specifically focus on?
What does Organizational Behavior Modification (OB MOD) specifically focus on?
Which of the following concepts is part of Social Learning Theory?
Which of the following concepts is part of Social Learning Theory?
Which component is essential for vicarious learning to occur?
Which component is essential for vicarious learning to occur?
What is a self-reinforcer?
What is a self-reinforcer?
In Expectancy Theory, what must be high for motivation to be high?
In Expectancy Theory, what must be high for motivation to be high?
What primarily does Need Theory state regarding pay?
What primarily does Need Theory state regarding pay?
How does Equity Theory view the relationship between pay and inputs?
How does Equity Theory view the relationship between pay and inputs?
Which of the following best describes self-efficacy?
Which of the following best describes self-efficacy?
Flashcards
Expectancy Theory
Expectancy Theory
A theory explaining that motivation is highest when employees believe their effort leads to good performance, which in turn leads to desired outcomes.
Expectancy
Expectancy
A person's belief that their effort will lead to a certain level of performance.
Instrumentality
Instrumentality
A person's belief that achieving a certain level of performance will lead to desired outcomes.
Valence
Valence
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Need Theories
Need Theories
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Need
Need
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Hierarchy of Needs Principle
Hierarchy of Needs Principle
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ERG Theory
ERG Theory
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Existence Needs
Existence Needs
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Relatedness Needs
Relatedness Needs
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Growth Needs
Growth Needs
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Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory
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Motivator Needs
Motivator Needs
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Hygiene Needs
Hygiene Needs
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Motivator Factors
Motivator Factors
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Equity Theory
Equity Theory
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Equity
Equity
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Need for Achievement
Need for Achievement
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Need for Affiliation
Need for Affiliation
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Need for Power
Need for Power
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Informational Justice
Informational Justice
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Goal-Setting Theory
Goal-Setting Theory
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Learning Theories
Learning Theories
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Operant Conditioning Theory
Operant Conditioning Theory
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
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Extinction
Extinction
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Punishment
Punishment
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Merit Pay Plan
Merit Pay Plan
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Employee Stock Option
Employee Stock Option
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Organizational Behavior Modification (OB MOD)
Organizational Behavior Modification (OB MOD)
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Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory
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Vicarious Learning (Observational Learning)
Vicarious Learning (Observational Learning)
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Self-Reinforcer
Self-Reinforcer
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Self-Efficacy
Self-Efficacy
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Instrumentality (Expectancy Theory)
Instrumentality (Expectancy Theory)
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Study Notes
Management - Chapter 11: Motivation and Performance
- This chapter explores motivation and its importance for managers.
- Motivation is the psychological forces driving behavior in organizations, including effort and persistence.
- It explains why people behave the way they do in organizations.
- This includes the direction of behavior, effort level, and persistence.
- Motivation can be categorized as intrinsically motivated (done for own sake), extrinsically motivated (for rewards or to avoid punishment), and prosocially motivated (benefits or helps others).
- A key concept is the input-outcome relationship, where inputs are contributions and outcomes are benefits from the job/organization.
- Important factors include:
- Time, effort, skills, knowledge, and work behaviors as inputs.
- Pay, job security, benefits, and vacation time as examples of outcomes.
- The Motivation Equation demonstrates this relationship: inputs from organizational members lead to performance contributing to outcomes received.
Learning Objectives
- Explain motivation and why managers should be concerned about it.
- Explain expectancy and equity theory to understand how managers can foster a highly motivated workforce.
- Understand how goals and needs drive motivation and identify factors resulting in high performance.
- Identify motivational lessons learned from theories of operant conditioning and social learning.
- Explain how pay impacts motivation and its use as a motivational tool.
Expectancy Theory
- High motivation arises when employees believe effort leads to performance, and performance leads to desired outcomes.
- Victor Vroom developed this concept in the 1960s.
- Key components of this theory are expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
- Expectancy: The perceived relationship between effort and performance.
- Instrumentality: The perceived association between performance and rewards.
- Valence: The value an individual places on a particular outcome.
Need Theories
- These theories focus on the needs people try to satisfy at work, and the outcomes that fulfill these needs.
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: A theory presenting five levels of needs, with lower-level unmet needs being the primary motivators, and only one need level motivational at a time; needs include physiological, safety, belongings, esteem, and self-actualization.
Alderfer's ERG Theory
- This theory proposes three universal needs (existence, relatedness, and growth) that motivate behaviour.
- Unlike Maslow's theory, Alderfer's suggests needs at more than one level can be motivational at the same time.
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory
- This theory distinguishes between motivator needs (e.g., interesting work, autonomy, responsibility) and hygiene needs (e.g., comfortable work environment, pay, job security).
- Meeting motivator needs is key for high motivation and job satisfaction.
McClelland's Needs for Achievement, Affiliation, and Power
- This theory focuses on needs for achievement (performing challenging tasks well), affiliation (establishing good interpersonal relations), and power (controlling or influencing others).
Equity Theory
- This theory focuses on the fairness perceptions of outcomes compared to inputs.
- Equity exists when a person's outcome-to-input ratio is equal to a referent's ratio.
- Inequity arises when the ratios are unequal (underpayment or overpayment).
- Underpayment inequity: when a person's outcome-to-input ratio is less than a referent's.
- Overpayment inequity: when a person's outcome-to-input ratio is greater than a referent's.
Equity and Justice in Organizations
- Distributive justice: perception of fairness in outcome distribution.
- Procedural justice: perception of fairness in the procedures determining outcomes.
- Interpersonal justice: perception of fairness in interpersonal interactions related to outcomes.
- Informational justice: extent to which procedures/decisions are explained.
Goal-Setting Theory
- This theory identifies effective goals to drive high motivation and performance.
- Effective goals are typically specific and challenging.
Learning Theories
- These theories focus on linking outcomes to performance, leading to desired behavior and goal attainment.
- Operant Conditioning: People learn through consequences, performing desired behaviors rewarded and undesired ones discouraged.
- Four tools used in operant conditioning: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction.
- Positive reinforcement: giving desired outcomes for desired behavior.
- Negative reinforcement: removing an undesirable outcome for desired behavior.
- Punishment: employing an unwanted outcome for unwanted behavior.
- Extinction: eliminating reinforcement to diminish unwanted behavior.
- Organizational behavior modification (OB Mod) is an application of operant conditioning to promote desired and discourage undesirable behavior.
- Social learning theory: Learning via observing and modeling others' behaviors, and motivating based on thoughts, beliefs, and observations.
- Vicarious learning: Learning through observing and imitating others; occurs when a person is motivated to perform a behavior that is positively reinforced to others.
- Self-efficacy: a person's belief of his or her ability to successfully perform a behavior.
Pay and Motivation
- Pay is a motivator because it satisfies many needs.
- Different theories explain how pay impacts motivation, including expectancy, need, and equity theory.
- Merit pay plans link pay to individual, team, or organizational performance.
- Examples of merit pay plans include individual plans (e.g., sales) and group or organizational performance systems.
- Employee stock options offer a potential method for motivating employees via a sense of ownership.
Example: Warren Buffett
- Investor Warren Buffett is donating a significant portion of his wealth to the Gates Foundation.
- He attributes this to the foundation's important work regarding world health and educational improvement initiatives.
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Description
This quiz explores various employee compensation strategies, including merit pay plans, stock options, and performance measurement methods. Dive into theories that connect pay to performance and motivation, uncovering what drives employee success in the workplace.