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What is a primary cause of haemodynamic pulmonary edema?
Which condition is associated with decreased oncotic pressure that may lead to pulmonary edema?
What is a characteristic feature of massive pulmonary edema upon gross examination?
Which of the following is a possible cause of pulmonary edema due to microvascular injury?
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What kind of pulmonary edema is associated with lymphatic obstruction?
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Which of the following substances can contribute to oxidative pulmonary injury leading to edema?
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Which factor is most likely to result in pulmonary hypertension?
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What is a common result of massive pulmonary edema on respiratory function?
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What is a potential consequence of unrelieved hypoxia in blood vessels?
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What causes retention of carbon dioxide in addition to hypoxaemia?
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Which area of the lung is typically better ventilated than perfused?
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What type of atelectasis occurs due to complete obstruction of an airway?
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Which type of atelectasis is characterized by a loss of pulmonary surfactants?
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What is a primary cause of compressive atelectasis?
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What condition might result from aspirating gastric contents?
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What fatal complication can occur due to a road traffic accident affecting the thoracic area?
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What is primarily destroyed in emphysema, leading to hyperinflation of the lungs?
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Why is emphysema classified as a COPD despite not being an obstructive disease?
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What is a major clinical feature of emphysema?
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Which mechanism leads to difficulty in expelling air during expiration in emphysema?
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In comparison to normal lung function, how does emphysema alter the dynamics of respiration?
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What is a common etiological factor associated with emphysema?
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In which area of the lungs does emphysema predominantly manifest?
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What kind of pathological change occurs in the bronchi related to chronic bronchitis?
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What is the primary characteristic that differentiates lobar pneumonia from bronchopneumonia?
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Which bacteria is most commonly associated with pneumonia?
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What is the most likely cause for the development of bronchopneumonia in patients?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with pneumonia?
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What is one of the classical phases of pneumonia?
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What is the appearance of the lung surface in bronchopneumonia?
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What histological pattern is characteristic of squamous cell carcinoma?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a predisposing factor to pneumonia?
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What does the term 'consolidation' refer to in lung pathology?
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Which of the following pleural conditions is characterized by the accumulation of air in the pleural space?
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What is the typical protein concentration in normal pleural fluid?
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What is the most common tumor associated with asbestos exposure?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of empyema?
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What is a notable pathological feature of lung adenocarcinoma?
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What type of presentation is typical for malignant mesothelioma?
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Which of the following conditions results from obstruction of the thoracic duct?
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Study Notes
Emphysema
- Characterized by dilated airspaces in the lungs, particularly in the upper fields.
- Loss of alveolar walls leads to enlarged airspaces, contrasting with normal lung structure.
- Classified as a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) due to airflow limitation, despite not being obstructive in the peripheral airways.
Mechanisms of Respiratory Movements
- Emphysema leads to hyperinflation due to destroyed alveolar septa, inhibiting the ability to expel air during expiration.
Types of Chronic Lung Diseases
- Chronic Bronchitis: Glandular hyperplasia and excess mucus from tobacco smoke; common symptoms include cough and sputum production.
- Bronchiectasis: Airway dilatation and scarring due to persistent infections; presents with purulent sputum and fever.
- Asthma: Smooth muscle hypertrophy and excess mucus lead to episodic wheezing and dyspnea.
- Emphysema: Characterized by acinar airspace enlargement.
Pneumonia
- Also known as pneumonitis; inflammation can lead to permanent changes in lung vessels if hypoxia persists.
- Pneumonia classified as lobar (affects entire lobes) or bronchopneumonia (scattered foci around bronchi).
- Predominantly caused by bacterial infections, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae; risk factors include smoking, chronic conditions, and poor immune response.
Pulmonary Oedema
- Fluid presence in alveolar spaces, resulting from hemodynamic changes or increased vascular permeability.
- Symptoms include heavy, water-logged lungs that may lead to respiratory failure.
- Causes of hemodynamic oedema include left-sided heart failure and volume overload; increased permeability may result from infections or chemicals.
Atelectasis
- Defined as the collapse of expanded lung tissue, which can be categorized into:
- Obstructive: Complete airway blockage leads to absorption of trapped oxygen.
- Compressive: Fluid, tumors, or air fills the pleural cavity.
- Patchy: Loss of surfactant or lung trauma.
- Contraction: Lung retraction due to fibrosis.
Pulmonary Hypertension
- Increased arterial blood pressure within the pulmonary vasculature, potentially idiopathic or secondary.
Pleural Disorders
- Pleural effusion: Excess fluid in the pleural space, detected clinically at around 500 mL; can be categorized into transudate (lower protein) or exudate (higher protein).
- Empyema: Collection of pus in pleural cavity, often secondary to pneumonia.
- Haemothorax: Blood collection due to trauma or other injuries.
- Chylothorax: Opalescent lymph contributes to pleural accumulation, typically from thoracic duct obstruction.
- Pneumothorax: Air accumulation in pleural space, often from lung bulla rupture or chest injury.
Malignant Mesothelioma
- Cancer linked to asbestos exposure, primarily affecting pleura and is more common in males over 40.
- Symptoms include dyspnea, pleural effusion, chest pain, weight loss, cough, and fever; prognosis is poor with most patients succumbing within a year.
Morphology of Pleural Tumors
- Generally unilateral, originating as small nodules, progressing to cover the entire lung.
- Microscopically classified into epithelioid, sarcomatoid, and mixed types.
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Description
This quiz explores the characteristics of emphysema, focusing on the dilated airspaces observed in lung sections and comparing the dynamics of respiration in individuals with emphysema to normal lungs. Understand the differences in alveolar structures and their implications on respiratory function.
