Emotions and Motivation Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the three components that constitute an emotion?

Sensory perception, behavioral reaction, and emotional memory

Expressive behavior, conscious experience, and cultural context

Physical arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience (correct)

Physical arousal, cognitive reasoning, and external stimuli

Which characteristic does NOT accurately describe the nature of emotions?

Emotional experiences vary from person to person.

Emotions decrease rapidly after they are experienced. (correct)

Similar emotions can arise from different stimuli.

Emotions can be quickly aroused by stimuli.

Which of the following best describes the common sense theory of emotion?

A stimulus triggers an emotion, which then causes bodily arousal. (correct)

A stimulus leads directly to a conscious experience without arousal.

Emotions can exist without any physical arousal.

Bodily arousal occurs before the emotion is experienced.

What is the first step in the motivation cycle?

Need Signup and view all the answers

What can emotions give birth to, according to the nature of emotions?

Similar emotions and emotional changes Signup and view all the answers

What creates internal tension that motivates behavior until satisfaction is achieved?

Drive Signup and view all the answers

What does the incentive in the motivation cycle do to the drive?

It reduces the drive Signup and view all the answers

According to instinct theory, what is suggested about animals at birth?

They are born with innate knowledge about survival Signup and view all the answers

What does drive reduction theory explain about human motivation?

It stems from internal biological needs Signup and view all the answers

What state is sought after when drives are reduced according to drive reduction theory?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What type of conflict occurs when a person must choose between two attractive options?

Approach-approach conflict Signup and view all the answers

What describes avoidance-avoidance conflict?

Feeling compelled to choose between unfavorable options Signup and view all the answers

In approach-avoidance conflict, what drives the decision-making process?

An equal desire for both the positive and negative aspects of the option Signup and view all the answers

What does arousal theory primarily emphasize?

Maintaining an optimal level of arousal Signup and view all the answers

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the relationship between task difficulty and optimal arousal?

Moderate arousal enhances performance for easy tasks Signup and view all the answers

What is intrinsic motivation?

Inner satisfaction from personal enjoyment Signup and view all the answers

What does the overjustification effect describe?

Decreased intrinsic motivation due to external rewards Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need must be fulfilled first?

Physiological needs Signup and view all the answers

How does Maslow's hierarchy of needs differ from other motivation theories?

It applies different motivations at various times. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines arousal?

A state of emotional, intellectual, and physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What type of motivation comes from outside the individual?

Extrinsic motivation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Emotion and Motivation

Emotion is a response involving physical arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience.
The Latin root of "emotion" is "emovere" which means "to move" or "to migrate".
This etymology captures the subjective experience of being moved, touched, or transported when experiencing an emotion.
Emotions are universal but their experience is personal and varies from individual to individual.
Emotions arise suddenly and decrease slowly.
Emotions are aroused by stimuli, objects, or situations.
Emotions have the quality of displacement.
The core of emotion is feeling.
The same emotions can be aroused by a number of different stimuli.
An emotion can give birth to a number of similar emotions.

Affect

Affect is an umbrella concept that encompasses a broad range of feelings including emotions and moods.
Emotions are caused by a specific event, action, or object.
Emotions are short-term.
Emotions are brief in duration.
Emotions carry information regarding the environment.
Emotions are usually indicated by specific facial expressions.
Moods are not related to a specific event.
Moods are medium-term.
Moods last longer than emotions.
Moods carry information concerning a person's capacity to deal with environmental threats.
Moods are not indicated by specific facial expressions.

Types of Emotions

Positive emotions create pleasantness.
Negative emotions create unpleasantness.

Theories on Emotion

Common Sense Theory of Emotion

A stimulus leads to an emotion.
The emotion then leads to bodily arousal through the autonomic nervous system.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

An event causes physiological arousal first.
The interpretation of this arousal is what allows one to experience emotion.
If the arousal is not noticed or is not given any thought, no emotion will be experienced based on that event.

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

An event causes physiological arousal first.
One must identify a reason for this arousal in order to experience and label the emotion.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

An emotional stimulus produces concurrent, independent reactions (arousal and experience of emotion).
These two processes happen at approximately the same time.

Lazarus Theory of Emotion

A thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal.
One needs to think about a situation before experiencing an emotion.

Facial Feedback Theory of Emotion

A stimulus causes arousal and a facial expression.
This facial expression gives feedback to the brain about the emotion.
The brain interprets the emotion and may intensify it.

Areas of Emotion: Limbic System

The amygdala mediates major affective mood states, such as friendship, love, affection, fear, rage, and aggression.
The hippocampus is responsible for memory, particularly turning short-term memory into long-term memory.
The thalamus filters sensory information, controls mood states, and body movement associated with emotive states.
The hypothalamus is the 'central control' for the pituitary gland. It regulates autonomic, emotional, endocrine, and somatic function. It is involved in stress and mood states.

Motivation

Motivation is any influence that triggers, directs, or maintains behavior.
In 2006, Franken defined motivation as the arousal, direction, and persistence of a person's behavior.

Four Kinds of Motivation

Extrinsic motivation is outside motivation towards a goal.
Intrinsic motivation is when one wants to do something.
Positive motivation is towards a goal.
Negative motivation is away from something.

Extrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic motivation is fueled by external forces, like pay increases, course credits, or completion rewards.
Tangible or intangible rewards or other outside influences are involved.

Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation stems from internal desires such as personal goals, success, and achievement.
It's when one is engaged in an activity without outside suggestion or pressure; the motive is enjoyment or a sense of obligation.

Motivation Cycle

Motivation involves a cycle of needs, drives, incentives, and rewards.
Need is the lack of something desired.
Drive is an internal state created by a need; it creates internal tension until needs are met.
An incentive is an object, situation, or other stimulus that motivates behavior towards or away from the object.
A reward is pleasantness or satisfaction after obtaining the incentive.

Theories on Motivation

Instinct Theory

Instincts are biologically-built in impulses that lead to relatively inflexible behaviors called fixed-action patterns.
All creatures are born with specific innate knowledge to survive.
In animals, this often includes capacity and knowledge of how to survive.
These innate tendencies are preprogrammed at birth and determined by genes.

Drive Reduction Theory

According to Clark Hull, humans have internal biological needs that motivate behavior.
These needs or drives are internal states of arousal or tension that must be reduced.
Homeostasis is a state of balance or contentment.
Drives are considered unpleasant, prompting efforts to reduce them and return to a balanced state of homeostasis.
Conflicts can arise from multiple drives or attractive/unattractive choices. Common conflicts are approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance.

Arousal Theory

People desire an optimal state of arousal and often seek out either relaxing or exciting activities to maintain that optimal level.
Arousal is a state of emotional, intellectual, and physical activity.
The Yerkes-Dodson law states that performance is correlated to arousal; moderate levels of arousal are associated with better performance levels than low or high arousal levels. This performance-arousal relationship changes depending on the difficulty of the task.

Incentive Theory

Behavior is motivated by outside reinforcement or incentives, versus internal forces.
Incentives are rewards that motivate behavior.
Intrinsic motivation: Motivation that comes from within, such as playing the piano because one enjoys it.
Extrinsic motivation: Motivation that comes from outside the person such as a reward or threat.
The over justification effect is when intrinsic motivation lessens due to increased external motivation.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's theory is a theory of how different motivations apply at different times.
Physiological needs (food, clothing, shelter, air) must be fulfilled first.
Then follows safety needs (feeling safe, absence of pain, threat, or illness).
Next, love and belonging needs (friendship, company, love, belonging) These are a first clear step up from physiological needs.
After that are esteem needs (self-respect, achievement, recognition, prestige); then cues for personal worth.
Finally, self-actualization is the fulfillment of one's full potential through personal growth and self-fulfillment.

Alderfer's ERG Theory

Consolidates Maslow's hierarchy of needs into 3 categories; existence needs/physiological + security, relatedness (affiliation), and growth (esteem and self-actualization).

McClelland's Learned Needs

Needs are acquired through interaction with the environment.
There is no hierarchy, but rather degrees of each type of need or motive.
Identified 3 motivators: achievement, affiliation, and power.

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Description

Test your understanding of the fundamental components of emotions and the motivation cycle. This quiz covers key theories and characteristics related to emotions, aiming to deepen your knowledge in psychology. Challenge yourself with questions that explore the essence of emotional experiences.