Emotional Development in Infants
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes neuroticism in an individual?

  • A tendency to be anxious and self-critical (correct)
  • Consistently cheerful outlook
  • Positive emotions and social ease
  • High levels of emotional intelligence

    • Which of the following types of temperament is most likely to change over time according to the study by Fox et al.?

  • Exuberant infants
  • Inhibited (fearful) infants (correct)
  • Negative infants
  • None of the above

    • How does proximal parenting differ from distal parenting?

  • It requires minimal interaction with the infant
  • It emphasizes discipline over nurturing
  • It relies primarily on verbal communication
  • It involves being physically close versus maintaining a distance (correct)

    • What is the concept of 'goodness of fit' in the context of parenting?

    <p>A harmony between an individual's temperament and their social context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does synchrony play in infant development?

    <p>It fosters the ability to read others' emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infant temperament is least likely to change as they grow older?

    <p>Exuberant infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does maturation and child-rearing have on an infant's temperament?

    <p>They can influence but not alter inborn traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of synchrony observed between caregivers and infants?

    <p>It involves parents imitating infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is synesthesia in the context of infant perception?

    <p>When sensory information is experienced through multiple unrelated senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stress impact infant brain development according to the content?

    <p>It may cause slower growth in stressed infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can help prevent excessive stress in infants?

    <p>Providing new mothers with emotional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the hypothalamus play in an infant's emotional regulation?

    <p>It regulates bodily functions and modulates hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In toddlers, which situation might trigger anger as a social impulse?

    <p>An older sibling teasing them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these emotions might an infant display in response to a high-stress environment?

    <p>Laughter that may turn to tears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of emotional self-regulation in infants?

    <p>Diverse triggers for emotions based on prior experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Freud's psychosocial development focuses on the infant's mouth as the primary source of gratification?

    <p>Oral stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome for a child who undergoes overly strict toilet training?

    <p>They may have an unusually strong need for control and cleanliness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might a child's early experiences influence their later emotional development according to cognitive theory?

    <p>They can create a fixed understanding of trust in others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of parents in the context of behaviorism during infant emotional development?

    <p>To mold emotions and personality through reinforcement and punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Erikson's 'Trust vs. Mistrust' stage in infant psychosocial development?

    <p>To establish a basic sense of trust based on the security of their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to social learning theory, how do infants acquire behavior patterns?

    <p>By observing and imitating the behaviors of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant characteristic of a child who successfully develops autonomy according to Erikson's theory?

    <p>They develop a sense of self-rule over their actions and bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'working model' refer to in cognitive theory?

    <p>A set of assumptions used to organize perceptions and experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethnotheory emphasize in understanding infant development?

    <p>Cultural values and practices that influence behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Emotional Development in Infants

    • Smiling and Laughing:
      • Social smile (6 weeks): Evoked by viewing human faces.
      • Laughter (3-4 months): Often associated with curiosity.
    • Anger:
      • First expressions around 6 months.
      • Healthy response to frustration.
    • Sadness:
      • Indicates withdrawal and increased cortisol production.
      • Signifies stressful experience for infants.
    • Fear:
      • Emerges around 9 months.
      • Response to people, things, or situations.
    • Stranger Wariness:
      • Infants no longer smile at friendly faces.
      • Show fear/frightening reaction to unfamiliar people.
    • Separation Anxiety:
      • Tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves.
      • If anxiety persists after age 3, it may be considered a disorder.
    • Toddler Emotions:
      • Anger and fear become less frequent and more focused.
      • Laughing and crying become louder and more discriminating.
      • New emotions emerge: pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt.
      • Awareness of other people, influenced by culture and family interactions.
    • Self-awareness:
      • A realization that one is a distinct individual, separate from others.
      • First 4 months: Infants unaware of being distinct from others, but see self as part of mother.
      • 5 months: Infants start to understand separation from mother.
      • 15-18 months: Emergence of the "Me-self" (sense of self as the object of one's knowledge).
    • Mirror Recognition:
      • Classic experiment (M. Lewis & Brooks, 1978): Babies (9–24 months) looked into a mirror after a dot of rouge on their noses.
      • Infants under 12 months did not react, while 15–24-month-olds touched their own noses. This showed self-recognition.
    • Table 4.1: Ages When Emotions Emerge: Lists ages and corresponding emotions (crying, content, social smile, laughter, curiosity, full, responsive smiles, anger, fear of social events, unexpected sights/sounds, self-awareness, pride, shame, embarrassment). This table provides a timeline of emotional development.
    • Brain Maturation and Emotions:
      • Synesthesia: Stimulation of one sensory stimulus (e.g., sound, sight, touch, taste, or smell) triggers another. Common and sensory boundaries less distinct.
      • Cross-modal perception: Infants associate textures with vision, sounds with smells, and their own bodies with others'.
    • Stress:
      • The hypothalamus regulates bodily functions and hormone production to control stress.
      • Stress in infants can negatively impact growth.
      • Abuse or chronic stress has potential long-term effects on emotional development.
      • High stress hormone levels linked to emotional impairment. Preventing stress in infants crucial.
    • Table 4.2: Play Patterns in Rural Cameroon and Urban Greece: Provides data on play patterns in different cultures (and thus different parenting styles), comparing time spent in various types of interactions.
    • Goodness of Fit: A good fit exists when temperaments and values align with one's social context, (family, school, and community), yielding smooth interaction.
    • Synchrony: A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between caregiver and infant.
      • More frequent, elaborate in early months.
      • Helps infants read others' emotions and develop social interaction skills.
      • Often begins with parental imitation of infants.
    • Is Synchrony Needed for Normal Development?
      • Still-face technique experiments show infant distress due to lack of responsiveness from caregiver.
    • Attachment:
      • A lasting emotional bond between one person and another.
      • Forms during early infancy and affects relationships later in life.
    • Attachment Types:
      • Secure: Comfort and confidence from caregiver presence.
      • Insecure-avoidant: Avoids connection with caregiver.
      • Insecure-resistant/ambivalent: Anxiety and uncertainty at separation, but resist and seek contact at reunion.
      • Disorganized: Inconsistent reactions to caregiver's departure and return.
    • Measuring Attachment (Strange Situation):
      • Laboratory procedure, uses various adult comings and goings in an unfamiliar environment.
      • Key behaviors: Exploration of toys, reaction to caregiver departure, and return reaction.
    • General Predictors of Attachment Type (Table 4.5): Lists parental behaviors (sensitivity, responsiveness, presence of synchrony, temperament, stress) that predict infant attachment type. Also includes insecure factors such as parental mistreatment, parental mental illness, stress, intrusiveness, alcoholic parents, child's temperament.
    • Social Referencing:
      • Infants seek information on how to react to unfamiliar or ambiguous objects/events by observing others' expressions.
      • Mothers use expressions, vocalizations, and gestures to convey information to infants.
    • Fathers as Social Partners:
      • Fathers often less involved.
      • Fathers' own ideas of appropriate male behavior.
      • Mothers often limit interactions between fathers and children.
    • Comparing Mothers and Fathers:
      • Positive relationships with fathers in infancy may lead to improved outcomes and reduced aggression in adulthood.
      • Fathers may engage in more intense play, while mothers tend to offer more comforting roles.
    • Infant Day Care:
      • Family day care: Child care in a woman's home, often including multiple ages.
      • Center day care: Child care in a specialized daycare center, with age-appropriate grouping.
      • High-quality care is crucial, regardless of who provides care. Impacts of non-maternal care depend on multiple factors, including secure attachment, quality of care, and warmth from the mother, and not the number of hours of care.
    • Temperament:
      • Innate differences in emotions, activity, and self-regulation.
      • Epigenetic: Originating from genes, yet influenced by child-rearing.
      • New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) identified 4 temperament categories (easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, hard to classify).
      • Temperament is often stable after age 3.
    • The Big Five (OCEAN):
      • Five core personality traits, stable throughout life, found across cultures. (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism).
    • Longitudinal study of temperament (Fox et al., 2001):
      • 4-month-olds grouped according to reactions to fearful stimulation.
      • Positive (exuberant), negative, and inhibited (fearful) were the types.
      • Fewer than half of infants altered their temperament responses as they aged. Fearful infants more likely to change; exuberant less likely.
    • Changes in Temperament Between Ages 4 Months and 4 Years: Presents the percentage of infants categorized as fearful, positive (or variable temperament) at different ages, displaying a graph and percentage data.
    • Proximal parenting: Caregiving practices characterized by physical closeness and frequent holding and touching.
    • Distal parenting: Caregiving practices characterized by distance, provision of toys and food, and face-to-face communication.

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    Week 4 Psychosocial Development PDF

    Description

    Explore the various emotional milestones in infants from smiling and laughter to fear and separation anxiety. This quiz delves into the stages of emotional development and the significance of each emotion as infants grow. Gain insight into how these early emotions shape interactions with caregivers and the environment.

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