Emotion in Learning & Memory
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Questions and Answers

Which set of phenomena does emotion consist of?

  • Physiological responses, overt behaviors, and conscious feelings (correct)
  • Physiological responses, behaviors, and cognitive appraisal
  • Physiological responses, instinctual behaviors, and subconscious feelings
  • Physiological responses, habitual behaviors, and emotional intelligence

How are different emotions organized according to the two dimensions of affective valence and arousal?

  • Depressed is high arousal, positive valence.
  • Relaxed is high arousal, negative valence.
  • Angry is high arousal, negative valence. (correct)
  • Excited is low arousal, negative valence.

What physiological response is associated with the fight or flight response?

  • Decreased blood flow
  • Increased appetite
  • Increased rate of respiration (correct)
  • Decreased heart rate

Which of the following best describes cognitive appraisal?

<p>The subjective interpretation of a stimulus in relation to one's well-being (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding reflexive fear responses is correct?

<p>They can occur in response to spontaneous stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of cognitive reappraisal?

<p>Changing one's interpretation of an arousing event (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the function of emotion primarily relate to?

<p>Preparing the body to respond to affective situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates a conditioned emotional response?

<p>Avoiding a specific sound due to a past negative experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of consciously experiencing emotions?

<p>It helps us reason about causes of our emotional responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does emotion influence memory for events experienced?

<p>Emotion enhances episodic memory compared to neutral events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by mood congruent memory?

<p>Memories retrieved align with the emotional state in which they were encoded. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'weapons focus' effect in eyewitness testimony?

<p>Witnesses focus more on the weapon at the expense of other details. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do emotional memories play in people's lives?

<p>They can be recalled with vivid detail, often akin to reliving the event. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does emotional arousal affect attention to details in events?

<p>It enhances memory for central emotional details but reduces memory for peripheral details. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memory does emotion serve as in recalling events?

<p>It serves as a contextual cue for retrieval. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the comparison of emotional and neutral stimuli memory retention?

<p>Emotional stimuli generally lead to improved memory retention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary mechanism through which emotions impact memory encoding and retrieval?

<p>Emotions guide the way details of an experience are encoded and retrieved. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the study conducted in the Boston area after the marathon bombing?

<p>To examine the development of PTSD symptoms post-trauma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What correlation was found in the study regarding the amygdala?

<p>Amygdala responses prior to the event were linked to PTSD symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug therapy was mentioned as potentially reducing the likelihood of developing PTSD?

<p>Propranolol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study suggest about individuals with abnormal amygdala functioning?

<p>They have an increased risk of developing PTSD after trauma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what timeframe was propranolol administered to emergency room patients to observe effects on PTSD symptoms?

<p>In the week following the injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a flashbulb memory from other types of memories?

<p>It is specific to the circumstances of learning about an emotional event. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one finding in the study that compared flashbulb memory of 9/11 with personal events?

<p>Inconsistencies in flashbulb memories were stable over long periods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the role of the amygdala in emotional memory is accurate?

<p>The amygdala modulates the activity of other brain regions for memory encoding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of flashbulb memories contributes to their perceived importance in personal identity?

<p>They are often linked to collective emotional experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the release of stress hormones do in relation to the amygdala and memory?

<p>It enhances the storage of emotional memories in the hippocampus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the investigation of flashbulb memories, which method was used to assess the accuracy of these memories over time?

<p>Comparison of self-reported experiences over multiple years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway in the amygdala allows for rapid responses to potential threats?

<p>Direct pathway from thalamus to lateral nucleus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding the accuracy of flashbulb memories?

<p>People are very confident about their accuracy despite inconsistencies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory does the amygdala NOT store directly?

<p>Content of emotional memories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the accuracy of event memory change over time compared to flashbulb memory?

<p>Event memory improves while flashbulb memory declines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do lesions of the amygdala have on memory enhancement for emotional stimuli?

<p>They block emotional enhancements of memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In healthy individuals, how is amygdala activation related to memory?

<p>It is correlated with perceived arousal and subsequent memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does propranolol play in studies of emotional memory?

<p>It blocks the effect of stress hormones on the amygdala. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about PTSD and the amygdala is accurate?

<p>PTSD is linked to greater responsivity of the amygdala. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the normal reaction to trauma in contrast to PTSD?

<p>PTSD includes abnormally persistent symptoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of emotional stimuli affects memory performance in healthy controls?

<p>Higher memory performance for emotional over neutral stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with an enhanced response in the amygdala?

<p>Intact hippocampal function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurobiological findings are associated with PTSD development?

<p>Smaller hippocampal volume. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are emotions?

Emotions are a combination of physical reactions, outward behaviors, and subjective feelings triggered by a situation.

How can we organize emotions?

Emotions are organized based on their "valence" (positive or negative) and "arousal" (high or low).

What is the 'fight or flight' response?

It's a set of bodily changes that prepare you for immediate action when facing a threat.

How do fear responses develop?

Fear can be instinctive (reflexive) like flinching from a loud noise, or learned through conditioning.

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What is cognitive appraisal?

It's how we interpret a situation based on our goals and well-being.

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What is cognitive reappraisal?

It's actively changing how we interpret an upsetting situation.

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What is emotion regulation?

It's using strategies to control our emotional responses.

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Why do we have emotions?

Emotions help us adapt to our environment by guiding our actions and influencing our decisions.

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Emotional Regulation

The ability to control and manage our emotions in a healthy and constructive way.

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Emotional Response

A complex reaction involving physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components.

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Emotion's Role in Memory

Emotions can strengthen our memories, particularly for emotionally-charged or significant events.

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Episodic Memory

The memory of specific events, including personal experiences and details surrounding them.

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Emotional Contextual Cues

Emotions associated with events can act as retrieval cues, influencing memory.

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Mood-Congruent Memory

Our current mood can influence the memories we retrieve, making it easier to remember similar experiences.

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Emotional Arousal and Memory

Emotional arousal can improve memory for central details of an event but impair memory for peripheral details.

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Weapons Focus

The tendency for eyewitnesses to focus their attention on a weapon, neglecting other details of the event.

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Intrusive Memories

Unwanted, recurrent thoughts or images that persist in the mind, often associated with traumatic experiences.

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Emotional Memory Accuracy

While emotionally arousing events are often remembered vividly, the accuracy of those memories can be questioned.

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Flashbulb memory

A vivid memory for the circumstances surrounding learning about a highly public, emotional event. It's not the knowledge of the event itself, but how you first heard about it.

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Flashbulb memory study: 9/11

A study that compared flashbulb memories of 9/11 with personal memories from the same week, showing that even though people are confident in their memories, they can be inaccurate over time.

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Consistency of Flashbulb memories

While flashbulb memories are vivid, they are susceptible to forgetting and distortion like other memories, but people tend to have high confidence in their accuracy.

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Collective Flashbulb memories

Flashbulb memories become shared experiences within a large group of people. They are often influenced by continued media coverage and retelling.

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The Amygdala's role in emotions

The amygdala, a brain structure, is responsible for processing emotional responses. It has two pathways: a direct path for quick reactions to potential threats and an indirect path for detailed, slower responses.

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Stress hormones and amygdala activation

The release of stress hormones, such as adrenaline, enhances the activity of the amygdala. This increased amygdala activity then influences how memories are encoded in the hippocampus.

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The amygdala and emotional memory

The amygdala doesn't directly store the content of emotional memories, but it modifies the activity of other brain areas involved in memory encoding and retrieval.

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Emotional arousal and memory encoding

Emotional arousal triggers amygdala activation, which leads to enhanced encoding of declarative memories. This explains why emotional events are often better remembered.

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The amygdala's role in memory enhancement

To determine if the amygdala is crucial for enhancing emotional memories, researchers use methods like lesion studies to see how memory is affected when this brain region is damaged.

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Amygdala and PTSD Risk

A study found that people with heightened amygdala responses to emotional stimuli before a traumatic event were more likely to develop PTSD symptoms after the event. This suggests that an overactive amygdala could be a risk factor for PTSD development.

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Propranolol and PTSD Prevention

In a study, emergency room patients who experienced traumatic injuries and were given propranolol (a drug that disrupts emotional memory formation) in the week following the injury were less likely to develop PTSD symptoms.

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PTSD Symptoms and Amygdala Activity

The study observed a positive correlation between amygdala activity in response to emotional stimuli and the severity of PTSD symptoms reported by participants.

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PTSD Risk Factor

The study findings highlight the amygdala's role in PTSD vulnerability. Individuals with heightened amygdala responses to emotional stimuli may be more susceptible to developing PTSD.

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Trauma and PTSD

The research explores the link between trauma, amygdala activity, and the development of PTSD symptoms. It emphasizes the importance of understanding brain function in predicting and potentially preventing PTSD.

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Amygdala's Role in Memory

The amygdala enhances memory for emotionally arousing experiences. It helps us remember things that are important for our survival, like threats or rewards.

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Amygdala Lesions and Memory

Damage to the amygdala disrupts the emotional enhancement of memory. People with amygdala lesions have trouble remembering emotionally charged events, even though they can still recognize the emotions in those events.

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Amygdala Activation and Arousal

The more the amygdala is activated in response to an emotional event, the stronger the memory will be. The amygdala is particularly responsive to arousal, making those memories more vivid.

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Amygdala and Affective Disorders

People with mood disorders, like anxiety or depression, often show increased activity in the amygdala. They are more likely to be influenced by emotional stimuli and their memories of past events.

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Propranolol's Effect on Memory

Propranolol, a drug that blocks the effects of stress hormones, can reduce the memory enhancement associated with emotional events. This suggests hormones play a key role in how our brains store emotional experiences.

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PTSD and Memory

PTSD is characterized by intrusive memories and heightened stress responses due to past trauma. This is likely due to an overactive amygdala and a smaller hippocampus.

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Hippocampus and PTSD

People with PTSD often have smaller hippocampi. This may be a risk factor for developing PTSD or a result of the trauma itself.

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Amygdala and PTSD

The amygdala is often overactive in people with PTSD, making them more reactive to stress and triggering more intense memories.

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Study Notes

Emotion in L&M

  • Emotion is a cluster of physiological responses, behaviors, and feelings in reaction to a situation
  • Emotions can be categorized by valence (positive/negative) and arousal (high/low)
  • Examples of high arousal, positive valence: excited
  • Examples of high arousal, negative valence: angry
  • Examples of low arousal, negative valence: depressed
  • Examples of low arousal, positive valence: relaxed
  • Neutral, low arousal: boredom
  • Negative, high arousal: fear
  • Physiological responses (e.g., increased blood flow, respiration, release of adrenaline) prepare the body for a threat
  • Reflexive and conditioned emotional responses (e.g., fear response to lightning or aversive conditioned events).
  • Our emotional experience depends on appraisal (subjective interpretation of a situation).
  • Different emotional states can have similar physiological responses.
  • Cognitive reappraisal involves changing the interpretation of a situation or event.
  • Emotion affects memory encoding and retrieval; emotionally arousing events are remembered more vividly than neutral events.

Function of Emotion

  • Physiological responses to emotions help prepare organisms to adapt to threats and rewards.
  • Emotion allows for reasoning about causes of responses, aiding in self-regulation.
  • Emotional states help in perceiving and remembering biologically- or personally-relevant information.
  • Sharing emotions allows people to understand other's behavior.

Emotion and Memory

  • Emotional experiences are encoded in memory, resulting in vivid recall.
  • Emotional events are remembered better than neutral ones.
  • Memory encoding and retrieval are affected by emotional states.
  • Mood-congruent memory (current mood can serve as cue for similar events).
  • Emotionally arousing events are remembered better than non-arousing events, but this is true for central details, not peripheral ones.

Flashbulb Memories

  • Flashbulb memory is remembering the circumstances surrounding a highly emotional public event.
  • Flashbulb memories are not necessarily accurate records of details but are a special type of episodic memory.
  • Not semantic knowledge.
  • It is how someone first heard of it, usually an emotional experience.

PTSD

  • PTSD is characterized by persistent stress and avoidance stemming from a traumatic experience.
  • Not all people who experience trauma develop PTSD.
  • Neurobiological markers (e.g., smaller hippocampal volume, heightened amygdala responsivity) may be associated with PTSD.
  • Amygdala activity associated with emotional stimuli in the year before the event is indicative of potential PTSD later.
  • Blocking the effect of stress hormones on the amygdala during the week following a traumatic event reduces the likelihood of PTSD development.

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L&M Emotion PDF

Description

This quiz explores the intricate relationship between emotion and memory. It covers how emotions can be categorized, their physiological responses, and the impact of cognitive appraisal on our emotional experiences. Test your understanding of these concepts and their relevance to learning processes.

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