Chapter 9
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Questions and Answers

Emerging adulthood is described as a time of                       .

  • identity explorations
  • instability
  • self-focus
  • All of the above. (correct)

    • According to Arnett, four revolutionary changes took place in the                        that laid the foundation for the new life stage of emerging adulthood.

  • 1960s and 1970s (correct)
  • 1980s and 1990s
  • 1990s and 2000s
  • past decade

    • An emerging adult answered the question ‘What is the most important criterion for becoming an adult?’ with the response of ‘becoming capable of supporting my parents financially’. This person is most likely from                       .

  • Germany
  • France
  • Australia
  • Japan (correct)

    • When asked about the most important criteria for becoming an adult, an emerging adult from a Western country is most likely to say.

    <p>being financially independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research has shown that in developing countries,                        are more likely to experience emerging adulthood.

    <p>young people in urban areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grip strength, cardiac output, maximum oxygen uptake and bone density all peak during what time period?

    <p>The 20s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the health of emerging adults is most accurate?

    <p>Exercise tends to decline from adolescence to emerging adulthood, but overall this is a healthy stage of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to research (Brown et al., 2002), university students are more than twice as likely as other adults to report                       .

    <p>delayed sleep phase syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following do sleep experts NOT recommend to achieve good sleep hygiene?

    <p>Falling asleep to the television</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best summarises the current research on university students’ sleep patterns?

    <p>Preferences for morningness and eveningness change with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the typical components of a GDL program?

    <p>No more than two teenage passengers during daylight hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has been the consequence of widespread adoption of GDL programs?

    <p>Car accident fatalities among 16-year-olds have sharply declined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Several interventions have been developed to reduce car injuries and fatalities for young drivers. Which of the following approaches has been shown to be most effective?

    <p>Graduated driver licensing programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Across developed countries, the most serious threat to the lives and health of adolescents and emerging adults comes from                       .

    <p>car driving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Researchers who study young drivers have found that                       .

    <p>young drivers are more likely than older drivers to believe their friends would approve of risky driving behaviour, such as speeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The findings from the Kauai study of Werner and Smith provided new ways of thinking about resilience. What is one of the surprising findings?

    <p>Many of the participants who had been placed in the non-resilient category in adolescence turned out to be resilient after all in emerging adulthood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Key protective factors that promote resilience include                       .

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You are talking to a person from another country. She told you that when she was admitted to university in her native country, she studied in only one topic area, rather than taking courses in various disciplines as part of general education requirements. On which of the following continents is she most likely to have attended university?

    <p>Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many new possibilities for learning are afforded by technology. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of blended learning?

    <p>Students learn partly online and partly face-to-face in the classroom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A student from                        would be most likely to describe their university experience as a relatively relaxed time to think and explore.

    <p>Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is one of the largest factors explaining the high rates of unemployment among minority groups?

    <p>Shifting employment patterns in the economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following individuals is most likely to be unemployed in emerging adulthood?

    <p>Simon, an Indigenous Australian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gender stereotypes have been demonstrated to be particularly challenging for those in                        working environments.

    <p>gender incongruent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson’s theory,                       .

    <p>failure to establish commitments in the key areas of identity results in role confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jacob, an only child, has been pressured by his father to take over the family car business. Reluctantly, Jacob has agreed to this because his father told him that he wanted to be able to pass on the fruits of his labour and Jacob doesn’t think he can earn a better salary doing anything else. He has not explored his options but has passively accepted the identity his father has imposed on him. According to Marcia’s model, Jacob would be described as                       .

    <p>foreclosed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ethnic identity statuses is reflected in the idea of the ‘melting pot’?

    <p>Assimilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shakira and Jerome are in an argument over child care. Rather than put their two children in day care, Jerome would like to be a stay-at-home father. Shakira thinks that because Jerome is a man, he will not be able to nurture and care for their two children as well as she would. Shakira is exhibiting concerns rooted in                       .

    <p>gender stereotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Doug refers to himself as a ‘cafeteria Catholic’ because he believes in God and follows some of the practices of his religion but ignores the rest. According to Smith and Snell (2010), Doug would be categorised as                       .

    <p>a liberal believer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research on the religious beliefs and practices of emerging adults has shown that                       .

    <p>religious beliefs and practices are associated with lower rates of participation in a number of risk behaviours, as well as higher wellbeing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes political development during emerging adulthood?

    <p>Emerging adults tend to be sceptical of the motivations of politicians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE regarding political involvement in emerging adulthood?

    <p>Emerging adults are especially likely to be involved in extreme political movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group are more likely to hold sexual attitudes that favour recreational sex?

    <p>Young men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following people would most likely willingly and happily live with his or her parents until his or her late 20s or early 30s?

    <p>Antonio, an emerging adult from Italy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When it comes to friendship in emerging adulthood,                       .

    <p>intimacy continues to be an important component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the process of ‘re-centring’ as defined by Jennifer Tanner?

    <p>The centre of emotional life is transferred from the original family to a long-term romantic partner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With over 2.8 billion users worldwide, what is the most popular social media platform?

    <p>Facebook</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In emerging adulthood,                       .

    <p>rates of residential change in Australian society are much higher at ages 18–29 than at any other period of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emerging adults who live in                        would emphasise becoming capable of supporting parents financially as among the most important criteria for becoming an adult.

    <p>Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of emerging adults’ health?

    <p>The heart is strong during emerging adulthood and reaction time is faster than at any other time of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best summarises the current research on sleep patterns of emerging adults?

    <p>Sleep debt has negative consequences for both cognitive and emotional functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Researchers who study young drivers have found that                       .

    <p>graduated driver licensing (GDL) is an excellent approach to reducing car accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Binge drinking                       .

    <p>is more likely among emerging adults than those in other age groups because they spend more time in unstructured socialising</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are protective factors associated with resilience?.

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the proposed advantages of online learning?

    <p>The opportunities for communication are increased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An emerging adult from                        would be most likely to express the following sentiment upon first entering university: ‘In many ways, university is easier than high school; it’s a relief to spend less time on homework and to have more time to explore my options.’

    <p>Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on Murnane and Levy’s research, which of the following is considered one of the six basic skills necessary for success at the most promising new jobs available to high school graduates in the changing economy?

    <p>Collaborating in diverse groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For most people, self-esteem                       .

    <p>rises during emerging adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ethnic identify statuses involves rejecting one’s culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture?

    <p>Marginality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of gender-related evaluations of work?

    <p>Some studies have found that evaluations can be especially harsh when a person’s behaviour violates stereotypical gender expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes religious beliefs in emerging adulthood?

    <p>In emerging adulthood, religious beliefs are highly individualised.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of emerging adults’ political beliefs?

    <p>Emerging adults tend to be sceptical of the motivations of politicians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    are most likely to be living on their own rather than with their parents in their early 20s.

    <p>White Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leisure activities with friends                       .

    <p>decline steadily in the course of the 20s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Male emerging adults are more likely than females to                       .

    <p>be willing to have intercourse with someone they have known for only a few hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on current research, which is a true statement about media use in emerging adulthood?

    <p>Social-networking profiles are a way for individuals to express their identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Emerging Adulthood

    • A period of exploration and transition, considered distinct from adolescence and adulthood.
    • Arnett identified four key changes that contributed to its emergence:
      • Delayed marriage and parenthood
      • Extended education
      • Increased individualism
      • The rise of a globalized world.
    • In Western cultures, being financially independent is a primary marker of adulthood.
    • In developing countries, emerging adulthood is more common for individuals with higher socioeconomic status.

    Health

    • Peak physical health occurs in emerging adulthood, marked by peak grip strength, cardiac output, maximum oxygen uptake, and bone density.
    • Emerging adults are more likely than other adults to experience mental health issues, particularly anxiety and depression.
    • Sleep experts advise avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bed and maintaining a regular sleep schedule.
    • University students often exhibit poor sleep patterns, characterized by irregular schedules and insufficient sleep.

    Driving

    • Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) programs have significantly reduced car accidents and fatalities among young drivers by gradually increasing driving privileges.
    • The most effective approach to reducing accidents is a combination of education, parental supervision, and stricter laws.
    • Road crashes are the leading cause of death for adolescents and emerging adults in developed countries.
    • In driving, young adults are more likely to take risks, struggle to identify hazards, and be influenced by emotions.

    Resilience

    • The Kauai longitudinal study by Werner and Smith showed that resilience is a key factor in overcoming childhood adversity.
    • Surprisingly, individuals who experienced significant challenges in childhood were often more resilient than those who did not.
    • Protective factors that contribute to resilience include close relationships, positive self-esteem, and a sense of purpose.

    Education

    • Higher education systems around the world differ significantly in their approach to curriculum and expectations.
    • Blended learning, which combines online and in-person instruction, is a growing trend in education.
    • Emerging adults in Western cultures often describe university as a period of exploration and personal development.

    Work

    • Unemployment rates are higher among minority groups due to factors including systemic racism, discrimination, and lack of social capital.
    • Unemployment is more prevalent in emerging adulthood for individuals with lower educational levels and in underrepresented minority groups.
    • Workplace gender stereotypes can create challenges for women in male-dominated environments.

    Identity

    • Erikson’s theory suggests that identity exploration is a crucial task of emerging adulthood.
    • Marcia’s model describes four identity statuses:
      • Identity diffusion (no exploration or commitment)
      • Foreclosure (commitment without exploration)
      • Moratorium (exploration without commitment)
      • Identity achievement (exploration leading to commitment).
    • In the ‘melting pot’ concept, ethnic identity is assimilated into the dominant majority culture.

    Relationships

    • Gender stereotypes can affect romantic relationships, as seen in Shakira’s concern about Jerome’s ability to nurture their children.
    • Smith and Snell identify emerging adults who embrace the practices of a religion while being selective in what they believe as ‘cafeteria’ subscribers.
    • Emerging adults often explore and refine religious beliefs, with many shifting from traditional practices to individualized faith perspectives.

    Politics

    • Political development during emerging adulthood involves a gradual shift towards more complex and informed views.
    • Political involvement is particularly evident in activism, with emerging adults often driven by social justice concerns.
    • Individuals who hold more permissive sexual attitudes are more likely to endorse recreational sex.

    Living Arrangements

    • Cultural norms influence living arrangements, with individuals from certain cultures being more likely to live with parents later in life.
    • Friendships are essential in emerging adulthood, providing support and companionship.
    • Recentering involves shifting one’s orientation from family of origin to personal relationships and one’s own life.

    Media

    • Social media is increasingly prevalent during emerging adulthood. Facebook, with over 2.8 billion users, is the most widely used platform.
    • Media use can significantly impact emerging adults, affecting their social interactions, self-esteem, and sense of identity.

    Additional Notes

    • Emerging adults with higher socioeconomic status are more likely to experience the period in developing countries.
    • Emerging adults struggle with poor sleep patterns and inadequate sleep. Young drivers tend to be more influenced by emotions and may struggle with hazard identification, leading to heightened risk-taking behaviors.
    • Protective factors for resilience include strong relationships, self-esteem, and a sense of purpose.
    • Online learning offers advantages such as flexibility and accessibility.
    • Individuals from Westernized cultures tend to perceive university as a less demanding environment compared to high school.
    • Basic skills required for successful jobs include critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork.

    Identity and Work

    • Self-esteem generally rises during emerging adulthood.
    • Marginalized ethnicities often face challenges, experiencing rejection from both their culture of origin and the dominant culture.
    • Gender stereotypes can influence judgments about work performance, potentially disadvantaging women in some fields.
    • Emerging adults frequently question religious beliefs and may adopt individualistic religious affiliations.
    • Emerging adults are more likely to hold liberal political views than older generations.

    Leisure and Relationships

    • Emerging adults increasingly move out of their parental homes.
    • Leisure activities with friends are a significant aspect of social life in emerging adulthood.
    • Male emerging adults are more likely to engage in risky behaviors, including binge drinking.
    • Emerging adults are more likely to prioritize social media over other forms of communication.

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