Podcast
Questions and Answers
What should responders do when positioning their vehicle in Lane 2 on a multi-lane carriageway?
What should responders do when positioning their vehicle in Lane 2 on a multi-lane carriageway?
- Position in Lanes 1 and 2 at an angle without intruding into Lane 3. (correct)
- Position at an angle while intruding into Lane 3.
- Intrude into Lane 1 for better visibility.
- Position in Lanes 1 and 2 without blocking other lanes.
Which of the following is NOT a recommended safety measure when stopping for an incident?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended safety measure when stopping for an incident?
- Ensure maximum visibility of rear visual devices.
- Stop 50 metres before the incident.
- Turn the front wheels to avoid being pushed into the incident.
- Return to the ambulance once parked to check on patients. (correct)
In order to enhance visibility, which lighting should all responders activate when approaching an incident?
In order to enhance visibility, which lighting should all responders activate when approaching an incident?
- All rear-facing visual warnings including blue lights, hazard lights, and sidelights. (correct)
- Rear-flashing red lights and fog lights only.
- Sidelights and hazard lights only.
- Only blue lights as they provide maximum visibility.
What is the main purpose of fend-off vehicle positioning?
What is the main purpose of fend-off vehicle positioning?
When positioning the vehicle in Lane 1, which of the following should responders avoid?
When positioning the vehicle in Lane 1, which of the following should responders avoid?
What is a key consideration when selecting a fend-off positioning technique?
What is a key consideration when selecting a fend-off positioning technique?
Which of the following statements regarding fend-in positioning is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding fend-in positioning is accurate?
What is the designated stopping distance before the incident scene that responders should maintain?
What is the designated stopping distance before the incident scene that responders should maintain?
What is the first action an emergency vehicle should take upon arriving at an unprotected incident on the hard shoulder?
What is the first action an emergency vehicle should take upon arriving at an unprotected incident on the hard shoulder?
When should an ambulance switch off its forward-facing blue lights and flashing headlights?
When should an ambulance switch off its forward-facing blue lights and flashing headlights?
What should a responder do if it is not possible to stay behind a physical barrier while walking towards an incident?
What should a responder do if it is not possible to stay behind a physical barrier while walking towards an incident?
In which situation is a fend-off position used?
In which situation is a fend-off position used?
What is the primary safety feature of the rear-facing lights and markings of an ambulance?
What is the primary safety feature of the rear-facing lights and markings of an ambulance?
What key factor distinguishes fend-in positioning from fend-off positioning?
What key factor distinguishes fend-in positioning from fend-off positioning?
Why are the front wheels of the emergency vehicle turned towards the nearside when no barrier is present?
Why are the front wheels of the emergency vehicle turned towards the nearside when no barrier is present?
What positioning technique maximizes rear-facing lighting while providing safety at an incident?
What positioning technique maximizes rear-facing lighting while providing safety at an incident?
What is the primary consideration when selecting a parking area for staff safety during patient loading?
What is the primary consideration when selecting a parking area for staff safety during patient loading?
Which of the following conditions might necessitate the use of full emergency warning lighting on a vehicle?
Which of the following conditions might necessitate the use of full emergency warning lighting on a vehicle?
What is the safest action for solo responders when parking in residential areas?
What is the safest action for solo responders when parking in residential areas?
Which factor is critical to consider to prevent accidents while exiting the vehicle?
Which factor is critical to consider to prevent accidents while exiting the vehicle?
What precaution should responders take to enhance their visibility during nighttime parking?
What precaution should responders take to enhance their visibility during nighttime parking?
Which of the following best describes the possible consequence of parking partly on the pavement?
Which of the following best describes the possible consequence of parking partly on the pavement?
What should be activated continuously while attending any incident to ensure safety and visibility?
What should be activated continuously while attending any incident to ensure safety and visibility?
What is an important aspect of successful fend-off positioning of a vehicle?
What is an important aspect of successful fend-off positioning of a vehicle?
What is the primary concern associated with confrontive coping strategies in driving?
What is the primary concern associated with confrontive coping strategies in driving?
Which factor is least likely to influence a driver's decision-making during operational pressure?
Which factor is least likely to influence a driver's decision-making during operational pressure?
What is the best coping strategy for drivers facing dangerous conditions?
What is the best coping strategy for drivers facing dangerous conditions?
Which of the following represents a potential consequence of poor driver attitudes?
Which of the following represents a potential consequence of poor driver attitudes?
What is a critical aspect of dynamic risk assessment for drivers?
What is a critical aspect of dynamic risk assessment for drivers?
Which situation is most likely to exacerbate fatigue while driving?
Which situation is most likely to exacerbate fatigue while driving?
How does reduced concentration affect driving under emergency response conditions?
How does reduced concentration affect driving under emergency response conditions?
What coping mechanism might be ineffective during high-stress driving conditions?
What coping mechanism might be ineffective during high-stress driving conditions?
What is a potential consequence of employing poor stress-coping strategies for ambulance drivers?
What is a potential consequence of employing poor stress-coping strategies for ambulance drivers?
Which category of drivers is primarily motivated by personal rewards such as salary and job security?
Which category of drivers is primarily motivated by personal rewards such as salary and job security?
What should drivers ensure when operating a vehicle in terms of safety and legal requirements?
What should drivers ensure when operating a vehicle in terms of safety and legal requirements?
What aspect of professional driving involves anticipating potential hazards and preparing for them?
What aspect of professional driving involves anticipating potential hazards and preparing for them?
Which of the following is a factor that might stress emergency drivers based on their operational roles?
Which of the following is a factor that might stress emergency drivers based on their operational roles?
What is a primary factor that distinguishes people-oriented drivers from others?
What is a primary factor that distinguishes people-oriented drivers from others?
Which of the following is essential for effectively managing fatigue during driving operations?
Which of the following is essential for effectively managing fatigue during driving operations?
What is a significant driver characteristic impacting professional effectiveness in high-stress environments?
What is a significant driver characteristic impacting professional effectiveness in high-stress environments?
What type of driving behavior is most likely to be influenced by avoidance coping strategies?
What type of driving behavior is most likely to be influenced by avoidance coping strategies?
Which coping strategy tends to have a more positive influence on driving behavior?
Which coping strategy tends to have a more positive influence on driving behavior?
What is a key factor in alleviating stress according to suggested measures?
What is a key factor in alleviating stress according to suggested measures?
How can stress negatively impact driving performance?
How can stress negatively impact driving performance?
Which driving skill is emphasized to ensure smooth vehicle handling during emergency response driving?
Which driving skill is emphasized to ensure smooth vehicle handling during emergency response driving?
What emotion-focused coping strategy is associated with higher risk-taking in driving?
What emotion-focused coping strategy is associated with higher risk-taking in driving?
What is considered a primary driver characteristic that can influence emergency driving performance?
What is considered a primary driver characteristic that can influence emergency driving performance?
Which practice can help maintain calmness while driving under pressure?
Which practice can help maintain calmness while driving under pressure?
What is one potential hazard associated with icy bridge surfaces compared to surrounding roads?
What is one potential hazard associated with icy bridge surfaces compared to surrounding roads?
Which condition significantly affects the grip and handling of tires on different road surfaces?
Which condition significantly affects the grip and handling of tires on different road surfaces?
How can micro climates influence driving conditions?
How can micro climates influence driving conditions?
When driving in fog, which practice is advised to maintain safety?
When driving in fog, which practice is advised to maintain safety?
What should a driver be prepared for when approaching a junction in low visibility?
What should a driver be prepared for when approaching a junction in low visibility?
Which factor is crucial for drivers to monitor during changes in weather conditions?
Which factor is crucial for drivers to monitor during changes in weather conditions?
What is a common misconception regarding the driving conditions in shaded areas?
What is a common misconception regarding the driving conditions in shaded areas?
Which driving behavior is least effective in maintaining safety when visibility is limited?
Which driving behavior is least effective in maintaining safety when visibility is limited?
What is a crucial factor in maintaining vehicle control on various road surfaces?
What is a crucial factor in maintaining vehicle control on various road surfaces?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to reduce tyre traction significantly?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to reduce tyre traction significantly?
How should drivers adjust their driving behavior in patchy fog conditions?
How should drivers adjust their driving behavior in patchy fog conditions?
What effect does road camber have on vehicle handling during turns?
What effect does road camber have on vehicle handling during turns?
What is the primary danger of driving on a poor road surface?
What is the primary danger of driving on a poor road surface?
Which driving adaptation is recommended when facing adverse weather conditions such as rain or fog?
Which driving adaptation is recommended when facing adverse weather conditions such as rain or fog?
Which factor is least likely to influence the effectiveness of tyres on wet surfaces?
Which factor is least likely to influence the effectiveness of tyres on wet surfaces?
What is the recommended practice when observing road conditions during driving?
What is the recommended practice when observing road conditions during driving?
What is the primary effect of moisture on road surfaces when considering grip?
What is the primary effect of moisture on road surfaces when considering grip?
Which road surface material is known for its ability to hold water, creating potential hazards?
Which road surface material is known for its ability to hold water, creating potential hazards?
How does the condition of a road after a long dry spell impact its surface on the first rainfall?
How does the condition of a road after a long dry spell impact its surface on the first rainfall?
Which type of road hazard often contributes to poor grip, especially in adverse weather conditions?
Which type of road hazard often contributes to poor grip, especially in adverse weather conditions?
What effect do loose dust or gravel have on vehicle handling during driving?
What effect do loose dust or gravel have on vehicle handling during driving?
What is a common misconception regarding maintaining speed over road irregularities?
What is a common misconception regarding maintaining speed over road irregularities?
Which condition can impair the effectiveness of steering and braking during wet weather?
Which condition can impair the effectiveness of steering and braking during wet weather?
What is the best practice for encountering road surface debris to ensure safety?
What is the best practice for encountering road surface debris to ensure safety?
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Study Notes
Vehicle positioning during incidents
- Fend-off: The vehicle is angled, pointing the front end towards the carriageway, acting as a visual deterrent to oncoming traffic.
- In-line: The vehicle is parallel to the carriageway, maximizing rear-facing lighting and markings.
- Fend-in: The vehicle is angled, pointing the front end towards the nearside of the carriageway, acting as a visual deterrent to oncoming traffic.
Parking procedures for first responders
- Stop 50 meters before the incident.
- Turn the front wheels in a safe direction (towards the nearside if possible): This minimizes the risk of the vehicle being pushed into the incident if it is struck from behind.
- Switch off forward-facing blue lights and flashing headlights, but keep rear-facing blue or red lights on.
- Stay behind a barrier if possible, otherwise stay as far away from the live carriageway as possible.
Parking procedures for incidents on the main carriageway
- Use a fend-off, fend-in or in-line position depending on the local ambulance service's procedures.
- Use extreme caution when performing these hazardous maneuvers because they involve using the vehicle to block one or more lanes.
- Consideration should be given to patient loading and the possibility of the ramp or tail lift being impeded by kerbs.
- Use appropriate warning lights depending on the density of potential hazards.
Parking considerations at night
- Ensure the vehicle's sidelights are illuminated, especially when parked facing oncoming traffic.
- Consider the most appropriate parking positions, particularly in residential areas.
Key points about responding safely
- Always carry out a mobile reconnaissance or dynamic risk assessment.
- Always put on personal protective equipment (PPE) before leaving the vehicle.
- Be aware of unseen or unheard vehicle activity that may be hidden in your vehicle's blind spots.
- Use all warning equipment available on your vehicle for greater protection.
- Be aware of potential hazards that may develop, and look, listen, and be extremely vigilant.
- Remember that your personal safety is paramount; use PPE and activate maximum visual warning.
- Consider whether your parking location offers the maximum protection to other road users and if there is a safer alternative.
Ambulance Driving and Safety
- Patient Safety: Ambulance drivers must prioritize patient safety during transport. While speed is important, it should never compromise patient care.
- Driver Perspective: The lack of visibility in an ambulance can make it difficult to anticipate vehicle movements. Drivers should communicate with their team to ensure everyone's safety.
- Smooth Driving: Smooth driving and effective car control are essential, including good acceleration, anticipatory braking, and tapered braking.
- Stress Management: Factors affecting driver performance include stress, fatigue, and operational pressures.
- Stress Coping Strategies: Effective coping strategies include:
- Reappraisal coping* - Re-evaluating emotional and cognitive reactions for safer driving.
- Task-focused coping* - Actively changing the environment, like reducing speed in dangerous conditions.
- Recognizing Risk: Being aware of road conditions, vehicle handling, and control characteristics is essential.
- Attitude and Behavior: Poor driving attitudes and behaviors can damage the ambulance service's reputation. Factors influencing poor driving include medical conditions, stressful situations, operational pressures, fatigue, traffic situations, night driving, and difficult weather conditions.
- Dynamic Self-Assessment: Drivers need the ability to dynamically self-assess their actions and performance to handle changing circumstances and pressures.
- Driver Training: Training is crucial for addressing potential deficiencies in ambulance driver skills and performance.
- Risk Assessment - Drivers must continuously assess risks in the changing environment and conditions.
- Concentration and Thought: Driving under emergency conditions can be influenced by reduced concentration and intrusive thoughts.
Road Surface Hazards
- Road surfaces can become slippery when wet or contaminated with snow, frost, ice, rain, oil, mud, leaves, dust or gravel.
- Concrete surfaces often have roughened ribs for better skid-resistance.
- Concrete surfaces can hold water, which can freeze in cold weather creating a slippery surface that is not easily seen.
- Cobbles have low grip when wet.
- Brick paving has low grip when wet.
- Road paint has poor grip when dusty or wet.
- Metal hazards such as tram lines, metal sheeting, and inspection covers have poor grip when dusty or wet.
- Surface irregularities such as potholes, manhole covers, gullies, and debris can damage tires and suspension.
- Avoid surface irregularities by altering road position or slowing down.
Micro Climates
- Micro climates can cause frost and wet patches to linger in some areas after they’ve disappeared elsewhere.
- Ice can linger in landscape features such as valley bottoms, shaded hillsides, shaded slopes, and areas of shadow cast by trees or buildings.
- Bridge surfaces are often colder than surrounding roads because they’re exposed on all sides and can be icy when surrounding roads are not.
- Patchy fog is particularly dangerous and a common cause of multiple collisions.
Driving at Night
- Driving at night requires adapting driving conditions to take account of factors such as:
- The condition of your vehicle.
- The condition of the road.
- Observation and environment.
- Prepare for night driving by ensuring your vehicle is properly equipped.
- Choose lights according to circumstances.
Road Surfaces and Tyre Grip
- Road surface type and condition affects tyre grip and vehicle handling.
- Tyre grip is essential for steering, acceleration and braking.
- Always look ahead to identify changes in road surface.
- Adjust breaking, acceleration and steering to retain adequate road holding.
- Observe the camber of the road on curves and bends.
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