Emergency Preparedness and Fire Safety

The lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid gives off enough vapors to ignite and immediately extinguish when exposed to a flame.

The lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid produces enough vapors to ignite and sustain combustion.

The lowest temperature at which a fuel will ignite spontaneously without a separate ignition source.

The minimum concentration of flammable vapor in air needed for a flame to propagate.

The maximum concentration of flammable vapor in air above which a flame will not propagate.

A work permit should be issued only when the concentration of flammable vapors is lower than 0.5% of the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL).

A gas is considered explosive when its concentration is within a specific range, generally 5% to 100% of the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL).

Boyle's Law describes the inverse relationship between the volume and pressure of an ideal gas at constant temperature. As volume increases, pressure decreases proportionally, and vice versa.

Charles' Law describes the direct relationship between the volume and absolute temperature of an ideal gas at constant pressure. As temperature increases, volume increases proportionally.

Gay-Lussac's Law describes the direct relationship between the absolute pressure and temperature of an ideal gas at constant volume. As temperature increases, pressure increases proportionally.

Flammable vapors and gases pose a fire hazard.

Combustible dust, like flour or wood dust, can create explosive mixtures in the air.

Ignitable fibers, such as cotton or textiles, can easily catch fire.

The most critical factor in emergency response planning is protecting people, property, and the environment.

NFPA standards are a set of guidelines for fire prevention and protection in buildings and industries.

For combustion to occur, you need fuel, heat, a source of ignition, and air (oxygen).

The most important consideration for preventing fire loss in flammable liquid storage areas is to use a pre-action automatic sprinkler system.

Carbon monoxide is a deadly gas produced in fires because it reacts with blood, preventing oxygen transport and leading to asphyxiation.

The gaseous products of combustion are lighter than air, so they tend to rise.

At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Imagine a balloon. If you squeeze it (increase pressure), the volume decreases.

At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. Think of a hot air balloon. As the air inside gets hotter (higher temperature), the balloon expands (increases volume).

At constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. Picture a sealed container. As you heat the gas inside (increase temperature), the pressure inside the container increases.

At constant temperature and pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules present. Think of a room full of people. The more people (molecules) there are, the more space they take up (volume).

A combination of Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law. It shows the relationship between pressure, volume & temperature for a fixed mass of gas.

A combination of Avogadro's Law and the Combined Gas Law. It describes the behavior of ideal gases - theoretical gases that obey specific rules. It shows the relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles of gas.

The transfer of heat through direct contact between substances, without physical movement of the substances themselves. Imagine a metal spoon in hot soup. The heat from the soup transfers to the spoon, making it warm.

The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases). Picture a boiling pot of water. The hot water at the bottom rises, and the cooler water at the top sinks, creating a circular flow of heat.

The transfer of heat through electromagnetic radiation. Think of the sun. The sun's heat reaches Earth through electromagnetic waves, without needing a medium.

A system that uses water to suppress fires. It can be activated manually or automatically. There are several types of sprinkler systems, each designed for specific applications. Examples include Dry Pipe, Wet Pipe, and Deluge systems.