Questions and Answers
What value is implied by the commandment against stealing?
According to the Pirke Avot, what is one directive for living an ethical life?
Which of the following virtues is emphasized in Islam as a moral obligation?
In Eastern cultures, happiness is primarily viewed as:
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What concept does the Talmud associate with living a virtuous life?
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Which virtue in Islam emphasizes the importance of supporting the less fortunate?
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What does the commandment against coveting imply about values?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of happiness in Eastern perspectives?
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What is the primary focus of Western cultures according to the provided content?
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In contrast to Western thinking, how do Eastern cultures typically approach their goals?
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Which symbol is best associated with Eastern thought processes?
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Which of the following best describes the thinking style of Western cultures?
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What were the two significant events that occurred after World War II that influenced the field of psychology?
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What primary focus did psychologists have after the creation of the Veterans Administration and National Institute of Mental Health?
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What aspect do Eastern cultures emphasize more than Western cultures?
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How is happiness conceptualized differently in Western cultures as opposed to Eastern cultures?
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Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a strength that could act as a buffer against mental illness?
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What do Eastern cultures tend to trust in regarding life's hardships?
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What mission of psychology was somewhat neglected due to the focus on mental illness?
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What was the main problem encountered by psychologists in the post-war period?
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Which of the following best represents the attributes of the female and male sides in the yin and yang symbol?
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Which aspect of psychology received more attention due to the establishment of the National Institute of Mental Health?
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Which term describes the two mentors of psychology discussed in the context?
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What is a key focus of positive psychology that has emerged more recently?
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What characterized the Middle Ages, also known as the Dark Ages?
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What was a significant cultural change during the Renaissance?
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Which concept emerged during the Age of Enlightenment?
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How is the need for uniqueness described?
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What does the term 'uniqueness attributes' refer to?
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What societal behavior is suggested about those who deviate from norms?
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During which period did the belief in using one's own reason gain prominence?
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What major shift in hope occurred during the Renaissance compared to the Middle Ages?
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Which virtue is considered the most exalted by Confucius?
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What does the Tao in Taoism refer to?
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According to Buddhism, what is a major cause of suffering?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the virtues emphasized in Buddhism according to the concept of Brahma Viharas?
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What is described as a goal in Taoist philosophy?
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Which of the following virtues is NOT one of the five central virtues in Confucianism?
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How does Lao-Tzu convey the idea of Tao?
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What is Nirvana in Buddhist philosophy?
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Study Notes
Emergence of Positive Psychology
- Post-World War II, psychology shifted focus toward treating mental illness through newly established institutions like the Veterans Administration (1946) and the National Institute of Mental Health (1947).
- The field of psychology became predominantly concerned with fixing "damaged" components of human psyche rather than enhancing the overall well-being and strengths of individuals.
- A new direction in psychology emphasizes preventive measures and the promotion of human competencies as buffers against mental illness.
- Historical context: The Middle Ages emphasized oppression and stagnation, while the Renaissance (1450-1600) marked a shift towards prosperity and hope, impacting societal values around happiness.
- The Age of Enlightenment (1700-late 1800s) introduced reason and scientific inquiry, fostering individual empowerment.
Need for Uniqueness
- The drive for uniqueness allows individuals to maintain a sense of individuality while connecting with others.
- Societal norms often penalize deviation from expected behaviors, yet cultures possess attributes for expressing individuality without straying too far from the norm.
- Ethical teachings from religious texts, such as the Ten Commandments and the Talmud, underscore the importance of justice and moral behavior in displaying individuality.
Virtues in Islam
- Islamic virtues serve as moral deficits, emphasizing attributes like gratitude, love, kindness, justice, and courage.
- Altruism is integral to the faith, exemplified through the practice of giving to the poor, a fundamental requirement in Islamic teachings.
Eastern Perspectives on Happiness
- Happiness in Eastern cultures is often viewed as an inner state characterized by peace, responsibility, and respect for oneself and others.
- Key virtues include:
- Jen: Humanity
- Yi: Duty towards others
- Li: Etiquette
- Zhi: Wisdom
- Xin: Truthfulness
Taoism
- Taoism, founded by Lao-Tzu, emphasizes living in accordance with Tao, or "the Way," which is a guiding principle encompassing all aspects of life.
- The philosophy encourages naturalness and spontaneity, asserting that both positive and negative experiences contribute to understanding life's path.
Buddhism
- Buddhism teaches that suffering arises from desire, and achieving Nirvana involves overcoming these desires.
- Central virtues, known as Brahma Viharas, include love, compassion, joy, and equanimity, considered essential for achieving a balanced life.
Cultural Thought Processes
- Western cultures tend to adopt a linear thought process, prioritizing individual rights and the pursuit of happiness, often treating life as a series of obstacles to be navigated.
- In contrast, Eastern thought, represented by the yin-yang symbol, embraces a cyclic model, focusing on balance and harmony amidst life's changes.
Focus Comparison
- Western perspectives emphasize individual goals and personal uniqueness, while Eastern philosophies prioritize community welfare and collective compassion.
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Description
This quiz explores the emergence of positive psychology after World War II, focusing on the establishment of the Veterans Administration and the National Institute of Mental Health. Understand the pivotal moments that shaped the psychology field and its shift towards mental health treatment.
