Emergence of Pakistan

• The curriculum outlines the emergence of Pakistan, including the Pakistan Resolution (1940), the impact of World War II, partition details, and the formative phase of Pakistan (1947-48).

Towards Pakistan Resolution (1940)

• The Muslim League experienced setbacks in the 1936-37 general elections due to internal leadership issues and a lack of unified strategy.
• The Indian National Congress had broader appeal during the 1936-37 elections and mobilized widespread nationalist sentiment more effectively than the Muslim League.
• The Muslim League's failure to form alliances with regional parties also contributed to the party's poor performance in the 1936-37 elections.
• Congress rule led to Muslims feeling alienated due to unilateral decisions, increasing worries about the protection of Muslim rights.
• The Day of Deliverance in 1939 marked Muslim opposition to Congress rule, boosting support for the Muslim League and highlighting divisions between communities.
• The Pakistan Resolution was officially adopted on March 23, 1940.
• The Pakistan Resolution demanded the creation of independent states for Muslims in the northwestern and eastern regions of India.
• Before the Pakistan Resolution, there was growing disappointment with Congress and increasing fears of Hindu dominance.
• The Pakistan Resolution solidified the demand for Pakistan and significantly influenced subsequent political events that led to independence.

Second World War and the Subcontinent

• The Second World War caused economic disruption, increased military recruitment, and food shortages in the subcontinent, leading to widespread discontent.
• The Quit India Movement intensified anti-colonial sentiments and further strained relations between Hindus and Muslims.
• The Cripps Mission in 1942 proposed limited self-government but was rejected by Congress and alienated the Muslim League.
• Gandhi-Jinnah talks in 1944 aimed for reconciliation but failed to bridge the differences between the leaders.
• The Simla Conference in 1945 attempted to discuss Indian constitutional reforms but did not reach a consensus.
• In the general elections of 1945-46, the Muslim League won a majority of Muslim seats, representing a significant shift in political power.
• The Cabinet Mission in 1946 aimed to plan the future governance of India, leading to further negotiations that ultimately failed.
• The election results shifted because of rising Muslim identity and political awareness, as well as the Congress's inability to address Muslim concerns.
• The Muslim League's improved organization and strategic campaigning contributed to major electoral gains.

Partition and the Creation of Pakistan

• The 3rd June Plan proposed to partition British India into India and Pakistan based on religious demographics.
• The Boundary Commission was tasked with drawing borders between the new states but often used arbitrary lines, disregarding local populations.
• The partition resulted in major displacement, violence, and communal riots, uprooting millions from their homes.
• The British Parliament passed the Independence Act in 1947, granting independence to India and Pakistan.
• The Independence act set the conditions for the partition of British India.
• In 1947, Pakistan included West Pakistan (now present-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), among other territories.

Formative Phase of Pakistan (1947-48)

• Pakistan faced disputes with India over the division of financial assets.
• Pakistan faced an influx of refugees from India that strained resources and infrastructure during its formative phase.
• Pakistan faced the challenges of establishing effective governmental structures and systems.
• The debates over Urdu and English as national languages caused tensions in Pakistan.
• Conflicts over water distribution from the Indus River led to tensions with India.
• Integration issues with Hyderabad, Junagarh, and Kashmir presented significant challenges during the formative phase.
• Pakistan had mixed success in overcoming initial problems; although it established a government and military, persistent economic and administrative challenges led to ongoing difficulties in establishing a cohesive national identity.