Podcast
Questions and Answers
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing targets traumatic material exclusively.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing targets traumatic material exclusively.
False
Trauma always leads to integration and adaptive resolution under normal conditions.
Trauma always leads to integration and adaptive resolution under normal conditions.
False
In EMDR, the therapist provides bilateral stimulation continuously without any breaks to ensure adequate processing.
In EMDR, the therapist provides bilateral stimulation continuously without any breaks to ensure adequate processing.
False
Memory Networks are organized around the latest related event.
Memory Networks are organized around the latest related event.
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The EMDR model proposes that eye movements are unnecessary for the therapy's effectiveness.
The EMDR model proposes that eye movements are unnecessary for the therapy's effectiveness.
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Desensitization in EMDR involves sounds or taps but not side-to-side eye movements.
Desensitization in EMDR involves sounds or taps but not side-to-side eye movements.
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In EMDR, targets refer to a positive event or memory for use as an initial focus for therapy.
In EMDR, targets refer to a positive event or memory for use as an initial focus for therapy.
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The primary goal with the forensic population should not focus on ensuring safety.
The primary goal with the forensic population should not focus on ensuring safety.
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Trauma always leads to immediate and adaptive resolution under normal conditions.
Trauma always leads to immediate and adaptive resolution under normal conditions.
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EMDR is primarily focused on resolving symptoms from happy and resolved life experiences.
EMDR is primarily focused on resolving symptoms from happy and resolved life experiences.
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In EMDR therapy, during the Body Scan phase, the client is asked if any pain, stress, or discomfort is felt in their body.
In EMDR therapy, during the Body Scan phase, the client is asked if any pain, stress, or discomfort is felt in their body.
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In EMDR, the client's memory target is always selected by the client themselves.
In EMDR, the client's memory target is always selected by the client themselves.
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EMDR therapy primarily focuses on addressing past traumatic memories and does not consider present-day stressors.
EMDR therapy primarily focuses on addressing past traumatic memories and does not consider present-day stressors.
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The Pathways Model of sexual offending discourages exploring vulnerability factors as part of legitimate treatment targets for sex offenders.
The Pathways Model of sexual offending discourages exploring vulnerability factors as part of legitimate treatment targets for sex offenders.
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In EMDR, Desensitization involves engaging in up and down eye movements while focusing on the traumatic event.
In EMDR, Desensitization involves engaging in up and down eye movements while focusing on the traumatic event.
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EMDR is solely focused on targeting physical sensations and does not address negative beliefs or emotional states.
EMDR is solely focused on targeting physical sensations and does not address negative beliefs or emotional states.
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The goal of Phase VI in EMDR is to strengthen negative beliefs associated with traumatic events.
The goal of Phase VI in EMDR is to strengthen negative beliefs associated with traumatic events.
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In EMDR therapy, the therapist directly gives supporting information to the client during Phase VII: Closure.
In EMDR therapy, the therapist directly gives supporting information to the client during Phase VII: Closure.
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Forensic clients who have acted out criminally or sexually against others are treated in the same way as trauma victims who internalize their trauma.
Forensic clients who have acted out criminally or sexually against others are treated in the same way as trauma victims who internalize their trauma.
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The main focus of EMDR therapy is to work on unresolved life experiences and does not incorporate future aspects of disturbing memories.
The main focus of EMDR therapy is to work on unresolved life experiences and does not incorporate future aspects of disturbing memories.
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Butterfly taps is an example of Unilateral Stimulation
Butterfly taps is an example of Unilateral Stimulation
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Francine Shapiro developed the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) model to address present and future aspects of disturbing memories
Francine Shapiro developed the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) model to address present and future aspects of disturbing memories
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EMDR is primarily focused on addressing physical sensations related to trauma
EMDR is primarily focused on addressing physical sensations related to trauma
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EMDR can be completed in one session for complex problems
EMDR can be completed in one session for complex problems
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Trauma-related disorders can result from exposure to distressing events such as military combat
Trauma-related disorders can result from exposure to distressing events such as military combat
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The three-pronged approach in EMDR addresses Present-day stressors, Future stressors, and Desired thoughts
The three-pronged approach in EMDR addresses Present-day stressors, Future stressors, and Desired thoughts
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Bilateral Stimulation (BS) involves using something you can taste, hear, or see
Bilateral Stimulation (BS) involves using something you can taste, hear, or see
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EMDR received a C/D rating from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS)
EMDR received a C/D rating from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS)
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EMDR targets only emotional states and disturbing symptoms
EMDR targets only emotional states and disturbing symptoms
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According to Shapiro, EMDR's eye movements are unnecessary for the therapy's effectiveness
According to Shapiro, EMDR's eye movements are unnecessary for the therapy's effectiveness
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In EMDR therapy, the memory target is usually selected by the client themselves.
In EMDR therapy, the memory target is usually selected by the client themselves.
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Bilateral stimulation in EMDR involves side-to-side eye movements, sounds, or taps that continue until the client's SUD reduces to zero, allowing new thoughts to emerge.
Bilateral stimulation in EMDR involves side-to-side eye movements, sounds, or taps that continue until the client's SUD reduces to zero, allowing new thoughts to emerge.
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In EMDR, the therapist and client discuss recently processed memories to determine future treatment targets in Phase VIII.
In EMDR, the therapist and client discuss recently processed memories to determine future treatment targets in Phase VIII.
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The Pathways Model of sexual offending focuses on targeting criminogenic needs in the forensic population.
The Pathways Model of sexual offending focuses on targeting criminogenic needs in the forensic population.
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In EMDR, the therapist is more likely to reprocess the memory linked with the offense drivers when dealing with clients who have sexually offended.
In EMDR, the therapist is more likely to reprocess the memory linked with the offense drivers when dealing with clients who have sexually offended.
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Trauma can lead to persistent intrusive positive beliefs.
Trauma can lead to persistent intrusive positive beliefs.
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According to research, individuals with criminal careers have lower levels of adverse childhood experiences compared to the general population.
According to research, individuals with criminal careers have lower levels of adverse childhood experiences compared to the general population.
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In Phase IV of EMDR, desensitization involves bilateral stimulation that is initiated when SUD reduces to zero or 1.
In Phase IV of EMDR, desensitization involves bilateral stimulation that is initiated when SUD reduces to zero or 1.
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The Relapse Prevention model focused on high-risk situations while the Pathways Model considered vulnerability factors for sex offenders.
The Relapse Prevention model focused on high-risk situations while the Pathways Model considered vulnerability factors for sex offenders.
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EMDR targets disturbing events and beliefs by activating brain systems typically stimulated during deep sleep.
EMDR targets disturbing events and beliefs by activating brain systems typically stimulated during deep sleep.
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Study Notes
EMDR Introduction
- EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a form of psychotherapy that resolves symptoms from disturbing and unresolved life experiences
- Developed by Francine Shapiro to resolve trauma-related disorders resulting from exposure to traumatic or distressing events (e.g., sexual assault, military combat)
Physiological Information Processing System
- Everyone has a physiological information processing system that processes experiences to an adaptive state
- This processing occurs during thinking, talking, expressive activities, or dreaming
- Information is stored in Memory Networks (images, thoughts, feelings) organized around the earliest related event
Traumatization
- Traumatization is a disruption of the natural information processing system that normally leads to integration and adaptive resolution following upsetting experiences
- In trauma, the experience remains frozen – persistent intrusive thoughts, negative emotions, unpleasant body sensations
EMDR Therapy
- EMDR specifically targets traumatic material and restarts the stalled information processing in a focused manner
- Facilitates resolution of traumatic memories through neurophysiological networks storing positive information
- Bilateral stimulation (BS) is used to process traumatic memories and associated cognitions, emotions, and somatic distress
- BS involves using something seen, heard, or felt and crossing the body in a rhythmic pattern (e.g., butterfly taps)
EMDR Process
- Phase I: History and Treatment Planning - discuss client's history and create a treatment plan
- Phase II: Preparation - identify a safe place and comfortable feelings/memory for use in case of incomplete sessions
- Phase III: Assessment - develop a target for EMDR (disturbing issue, event, feeling, or memory)
- Phase IV: Desensitization - use bilateral stimulation to process the traumatic event
- Phase V: Installation - strengthen a positive belief associated with the target event
- Phase VI: Body Scan - identify any remaining physical discomfort or pain
- Phase VII: Closure - return to a state of calm and discuss reprocessed memories
- Phase VIII: Reevaluation - review progress and determine future targets for treatment
EMDR with Sexual Offenders
- EMDR is used in forensic settings to address childhood trauma and adversity contributing to criminal behavior
- Adaptations for forensic settings include:
- Focus on community safety
- Close coordination with stakeholders
- Mandated treatment may inhibit client motivation
- Using BLS with the client's offense as the target memory
- Selecting the memory target instead of the client
Future Research Directions
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Researching the utility of EMDR with sex offenders and forensic populations
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Addressing childhood adversity and its contribution to antisocial behavior### Phases of EMDR Therapy
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Phase III: Assessment - Identify a target with a snapshot image, negative cognition (NC), and a positive cognition.
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Phase IV: Desensitization - Use bilateral stimulation (BLS) to reduce Subjective Units of Disturbance (SUD) to 0 or 1.
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Phase V: Installation - Strengthen a positive cognition and associate it with the target event.
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Phase VI: Body Scan - Check for any bodily pain, stress, or discomfort and use BLS to address it.
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Phase VII: Closure - Help the client return to a calm state, regardless of reprocessing completion.
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Phase VIII: Reevaluation - Review recently processed memories to ensure low distress and strong positive cognition.
EMDR with Sexual Offenders
- Sexual offenders have higher levels of adverse childhood experiences than the general population.
- The Pathways Model of sexual offending considers etiological factors as legitimate treatment targets.
- EMDR therapy can be used to address childhood trauma and adversity contributing to sexual offending.
Adaptations for Forensic Settings
- Focus on community safety and consider the client's criminal behavior in treatment.
- Coordination with stakeholders is crucial, and mandated treatment can affect client motivation.
- Use of BLS with the client's offence as the target memory is an unconventional practice.
- The therapist often selects the memory target, which may be linked to the offence drivers.
Future Research Directions
- Research the utility of EMDR with forensic populations, given the high prevalence of adverse childhood experiences.
- The Pathways Model and focus on criminogenic needs have impacted the sex offender and forensic treatment fields.
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Description
Test your knowledge about Phases III and IV of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Learn about the assessment phase where a target image is identified, along with negative and positive cognitions, and the desensitization phase where the client undergoes desensitization to the disturbing target.
