Embryonic Development: History and Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a fundamental stage of embryonic development?

  • Cell specification
  • Cell differentiation
  • Cell competence
  • Gastrulation (correct)

    • What promotes the activity of smoothened signaling in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway?

  • Facial abnormalities
  • Cholesterol (correct)
  • Cyclopamine
  • Mutations in Shh pathway proteins

    • Which plant product inhibits smoothened signaling in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway?

  • Facial abnormalities
  • Cholesterol
  • Cyclopamine (correct)
  • Mutations in Shh pathway proteins

    • What do mutations in sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway proteins cause?

    <p>Facial abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three progressive states of embryonic cells that need to be resolved?

    <p>Specification, determination, differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept generally describes the ability of a cell to respond to morphogen signals?

    <p>Cellular competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process involved in the generation of a new shape during development?

    <p>Cell movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does induction refer to in embryonic cell development?

    <p>The ability of a cell to respond to inductive signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which cells 'know' their position along a line with respect to boundaries at either end?

    <p>Morphogen concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell behavior primarily contributes to establishing an ordered body plan and specifying A/P, D/V axes?

    <p>Cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of a cell to respond to inductive signals known as?

    <p>Competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process primarily involves cells becoming structurally and functionally different?

    <p>Cell differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the gradual changes that cells go through before acquiring their final fate?

    <p>Developmental progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can mutations in human EXT1 and EXT2 genes result in?

    <p>Bone exostoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the five fundamental aspects of embryonic development?

    <p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cholesterol promote in embryonic development?

    <p>Morphogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plant product inhibits smoothened signaling in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway?

    <p>Cyclopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of a cell to respond to morphogen signals?

    <p>Cellular competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following results from defects in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, as mentioned in the reading?

    <p>Facial abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in resolving the three progressive states of embryonic cells - specification, determination, and differentiation?

    <p>Regulating gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mechanism by which cells 'know' their position along a line with respect to boundaries at either end?

    <p>Positional information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the process primarily involved in the generation of a new shape during development?

    <p>Gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cell behavior that contributes to establishing an ordered body plan and specifying A/P, D/V axes?

    <p>Cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept generally describes the ability of a cell to respond to inductive signals?

    <p>Competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of signal transmission involves the process by which adjacent cells receive and respond to the signal?

    <p>Signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage involves cells being divided into specific germ layers, then into a specific subtype of cells within that germ layer, and eventually acquiring a unique fate?

    <p>Differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main type of cellular activity that serves to establish an ordered body plan and specify A/P, D/V axes?

    <p>Cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What promotes the activity of smoothened signaling in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway?

    <p>Patched protein (Ptch)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does induction refer to in embryonic cell development?

    <p>The ability of cells to influence the development of other cells using a signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three main types of signal transmission involved in embryonic cell development?

    <p>Signal transduction, gene expression regulation, protein synthesis regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

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