Reproductive histology
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Questions and Answers

What happens to the primary sex cords in females?

  • They contribute to the ovarian stroma and follicles.
  • They disappear, allowing primordial germ cells to differentiate into oocytes. (correct)
  • They form the supporting structures of the testes.
  • They develop into seminiferous tubules for sperm development.

    • What is the role of primary sex cords in males?

  • They disappear, leaving the primordial germ cells free to differentiate into oocytes.
  • They form the supporting structures of the testes.
  • They give rise to the seminiferous tubules, the site of sperm development. (correct)
  • They contribute to the formation of the ovarian stroma and follicles.

    • What is the gonadal ridge?

  • A layer of supporting cells within the gonad
  • A structure that eventually differentiates into testes in males and ovaries in females (correct)
  • An outer layer of mesothelium in the embryo
  • A delicate tubular structure known as the sex cords

    • Why are primary sex cords considered critical in gonadal development?

    <p>They play a role in forming supporting structures and housing germ cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary sex cords?

    <p>Tubular structures that interact with primordial germ cells in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mesenchyme cells within the gonadal ridge?

    <p>To differentiate into sex cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the development of primary sex cords differ between males and females?

    <p>Primary sex cords interact with primordial germ cells in males but not in females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the primitive sex cords form from the indifferent gonad?

    <p>cortex and medulla of gonadal ridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do the testes cords form in males?

    <p>GW 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for androgen production in the testis?

    <p>Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules?

    <p>Maintaining the blood-testis barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of spermatogenesis do spermatids develop?

    <p>Secondary spermatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure delivers sperm into the prostatic urethra?

    <p>Vas deferens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Cowper's glands in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Supply the urethra with mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does sperm get concentrated in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Rete Testis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what gestational week do sex cords still remain indistinguishable in males and females?

    <p>GW6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What embryonic structures connect to form the male testes cords?

    <p>Mesonephric duct and distal mesonephric tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells form the spermatids during spermatogenesis?

    <p>10 spermatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of FSH receptors on Sertoli cells during spermatogenesis?

    <p>Secrete androgen binding protein (ABP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Basal compartment in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Produces 4 haploid spermatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is transformed into the vas deferens under the influence of testosterone?

    <p>Wolffian duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of LH in the hormonal control of spermatogenesis?

    <p>Induces Leydig cells to make testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of testosterone levels below 20 ng/ml on spermatogenesis?

    <p>Impairs spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the male genital system is responsible for resorbing excess luminal fluid in the epididymis?

    <p>Efferent ductules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of residual bodies in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Phagocytose excess spermatid cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for shutting off Leydig cell activity at birth?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates Sertoli cell function in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Androgen Receptor (AR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In spermatogenesis, what differentiates the male internal genitalia like the epididymis and vas deferens?

    <p>DHT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Secrete yellow, viscous fluid rich in fructose and prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of development does the hormonal feedback regulation by E2, T, and inhibin occur within the HPA axis?

    <p>Puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?

    <p>Luteinizing Hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of testosterone on spermatogenesis?

    <p>Stimulates Sertoli cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the male reproductive system is responsible for transporting sperm to the urethra?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells result from meiosis II in the process of spermatogenesis?

    <p>Spermatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of spermatozoa that distinguishes them from other cell types in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Capable of fertilizing an egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During spermiogenesis, what process involves elongation, condensation of genetic material, tail development, and acrosome formation?

    <p>Transformation of spermatids into sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acrosome in sperm development?

    <p>Breakdown of egg's membrane during fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for the formation of the flagellum during spermiogenesis?

    <p>Centriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of spermiogenesis in the context of sperm development?

    <p>Creation of spermatozoa from spermatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dartos muscle and Superficial fascia derived from which of the following?

    <p>Scarpa’s fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the tunica albuginea in the testes?

    <p>Providing structural support and compartmentalizing testicular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the male reproductive system collects sperm from the seminiferous tubules?

    <p>Rete testis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tunica vaginalis in relation to the testes?

    <p>Provide insulation to maintain a stable scrotal temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the critical functions of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Formation of the blood-testis barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Sertoli cells contribute to the nutritional support of developing germ cells in spermatogenesis?

    <p>Providing essential nutrients, growth factors, and hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do Sertoli cells help regulate spermatogenic cycling in the testes?

    <p>Controlling the transport of germ cells through the stages of spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epididymis is lined by which kind of epithelium?

    <p>pseudostratified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of stereo cilia within the epididymis and vas deferens?

    <p>Reabsorb excess fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the middle layer (tunica media) of the vas deferens?

    <p>To control the rate of sperm passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the connective tissue in the vas deferens is responsible for supporting and providing a pathway for blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels?

    <p>Loose areolar connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the vas deferens contains smooth muscle fibers that facilitate peristaltic contractions to propel sperm through the duct?

    <p>Innermost layer (lumen)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of principal cells in the seminal vesicles?

    <p>Production of prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histological characteristic is crucial for the storage of seminal vesicle fluid?

    <p>Basement membrane surrounding each acinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) from principal cells in the seminal vesicles?

    <p>High concentration of glycogen stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the basement membrane in the prostate gland?

    <p>It provides structural support and separates epithelial cells from the stroma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by malignant tumors originating in the prostate's epithelial cells?

    <p>Prostate cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glandular ducts in the prostate gland?

    <p>Transport seminal fluid from acini to urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does smooth muscle contraction play in penile erection?

    <p>Facilitates blood flow out of the corpora cavernosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is vasodilation related to penile erection?

    <p>Facilitates increased blood flow to the penis during arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nitric oxide in penile function?

    <p>Triggers smooth muscle relaxation for vasodilation and erection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is responsible for maintaining the urethra's tone and facilitating the movement of urine and semen?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries primarily supply blood to the male urethra?

    <p>Internal pudendal artery and dorsal penile artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the male urethra?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for the emission of ejaculate during sexual arousal?

    <p>Bulbourethral glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of smooth muscle in the bulbourethral glands?

    <p>Emission of ejaculate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found on the germinal epithelium of ovaries?

    <p>simple squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the blood vessels within and ovary?

    <p>medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of meiosis II in oogonia?

    <p>Production of a mature ovum and another polar body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type gives rise to oogonia in females and spermatogonia in males?

    <p>Gonocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of germ cells in sexual reproduction?

    <p>Forming haploid gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What staining technique is commonly used to identify Call-Exner bodies based on the description in the text?

    <p>Hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Call-Exner bodies appear when stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain according to the text?

    <p>Pink to red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is microscopic examination of thyroid tissue sections essential for identifying Call-Exner bodies?

    <p>To distinguish them from Hurthle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types does NOT play a direct role in the Graafian follicle?

    <p>Luteal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of the mature oocyte from the Graafian follicle during ovulation?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone (LH) surge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the embryo typically implant following fertilization?

    <p>Endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thecal cells in relation to the corpus luteum?

    <p>Converting androgens into estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for triggering ovulation and supporting the formation of the corpus luteum?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do luteal cells play in the human reproductive system?

    <p>Producing progesterone and estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Peg cells found in the Fallopian tube?

    <p>Phagocytizing bacteria and foreign debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Fallopian tube contains lymphatic vessels running parallel to blood vessels?

    <p>Tunica adventitia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the female reproductive system, what coordinates with cilia to move gametes during ovulation?

    <p>Tunica muscularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ovarian arteries in relation to the uterus?

    <p>Supplying the corpus luteum with blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Peg cells in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Marker of endometrial dysfunction, inflammation, or malignancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the uterine arteries originate from?

    <p>Internal iliac arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does estrogen play in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Triggering ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During menstruation, what causes the blood vessels in the Stratum Functionalis to constrict?

    <p>Rapid drop in progesterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transformation does the endometrial tissue undergo after implantation?

    <p>Differentiation into Decidua</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the superficial layers of the endometrium during menstruation?

    <p>They are shed due to contraction of the myometrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the stratum basalis contribute to the length variation of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>It plays a role in maintaining the endometrium during different phases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding the interplay of stratum basalis with the endometrium, myometrium, and menstrual cycle crucial?

    <p>For proper functioning of the female reproductive system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the transformation of columnar epithelial cells into squamous epithelial cells in the endocervical canal?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial cells are more resistant to infection than columnar cells in the endocervical canal?

    <p>Squamous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cervical glands, what function do squamous epithelial cells serve?

    <p>Serve as a protective barrier against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Pap smear?

    <p>Detecting abnormalities in the ectocervix under a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common abnormality detectable through a Pap smear?

    <p>Detection of high-risk HPV DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cervical cancer, what is the significance of detecting dysplasia during a Pap smear?

    <p>Highlights precancerous changes before they progress to cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential symptom of Nabothian cysts?

    <p>Difficulty urinating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can occur if a large Nabothian cyst obstructs the cervical canal?

    <p>Interfering with menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can an infected Nabothian cyst present?

    <p>Intense pain, vaginal discharge, and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the menstrual phase, which of the following statements about the vaginal epithelium is most accurate?

    <p>Superficial and basal cells undergo apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histological feature is characteristic of vaginitis?

    <p>Presence of an increased number of lymphocytes and plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common histological feature of vaginal polyps?

    <p>Presence of benign, pedunculated masses protruding into the vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which histological feature is associated with vaginal dysplasia?

    <p>Abnormal growth of vaginal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes inclusion cysts histologically from other common vaginal pathologies?

    <p>Rounded masses consisting of epithelial cells and keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Deciphering the Delicate Dance of Primitive Sex Cords

    In the fascinating process of embryonic development, primitive sex cords play a pivotal role in shaping the reproductive system—one that's essential for the continuation of life on our planet.

    Embryonic Development

    When a fertilized egg develops into an embryo, it undergoes a series of intricate transformations that lead to the formation of the entire organism. During the third week of embryonic development (in human terms), a structure called the gonadal ridge begins to emerge, which eventually differentiates into testes in males and ovaries in females.

    Gonadal Development

    The gonadal ridge, comprised of primordial germ cells and supporting cells, is the anlage of the gonads. Initially, the gonadal ridge consists of three layers: an outer layer of mesothelium, a middle layer of mesenchyme, and an inner layer of primordial germ cells.

    Primary Sex Cords

    At around the fifth week of development, the mesenchyme cells within the gonadal ridge begin to differentiate into sex cords. These delicate tubular structures are known as primary sex cords. The development of primary sex cords is a sexually dimorphic process, meaning that it differs between males and females.

    In males, the primary sex cords interact with the primordial germ cells, attracting them to the center of the gonadal ridge and facilitating their differentiation into spermatogonia, the precursors of sperm cells. In females, the primary sex cords disappear, leaving the primordial germ cells free to differentiate into oocytes, the precursors of eggs.

    The Impact of Primary Sex Cords

    The primary sex cords are not only critical for the establishment of the germline (i.e., spermatogonia and oocytes) but also play an essential role in the formation of the supporting structures of the testes and ovaries. In males, the primary sex cords give rise to the seminiferous tubules, the site of sperm development. In females, the remnants of the primary sex cords contribute to the formation of the ovarian stroma and the follicles, the structures that house the oocytes.

    The development of the reproductive system is a complex process, and the formation of the primary sex cords is a fundamental part of this journey. Understanding the mechanisms behind this development can provide valuable insights into the development of reproductive disorders and the establishment of reproductive health.

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