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Questions and Answers
What happens to the primary sex cords in females?
What happens to the primary sex cords in females?
What is the role of primary sex cords in males?
What is the role of primary sex cords in males?
What is the gonadal ridge?
What is the gonadal ridge?
Why are primary sex cords considered critical in gonadal development?
Why are primary sex cords considered critical in gonadal development?
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What are the primary sex cords?
What are the primary sex cords?
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What is the function of mesenchyme cells within the gonadal ridge?
What is the function of mesenchyme cells within the gonadal ridge?
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How does the development of primary sex cords differ between males and females?
How does the development of primary sex cords differ between males and females?
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Where do the primitive sex cords form from the indifferent gonad?
Where do the primitive sex cords form from the indifferent gonad?
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When do the testes cords form in males?
When do the testes cords form in males?
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Which cell type is responsible for androgen production in the testis?
Which cell type is responsible for androgen production in the testis?
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What is the main function of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules?
What is the main function of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules?
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During which stage of spermatogenesis do spermatids develop?
During which stage of spermatogenesis do spermatids develop?
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Which structure delivers sperm into the prostatic urethra?
Which structure delivers sperm into the prostatic urethra?
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What is the function of Cowper's glands in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of Cowper's glands in the male reproductive system?
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Where does sperm get concentrated in the male reproductive system?
Where does sperm get concentrated in the male reproductive system?
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At what gestational week do sex cords still remain indistinguishable in males and females?
At what gestational week do sex cords still remain indistinguishable in males and females?
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What embryonic structures connect to form the male testes cords?
What embryonic structures connect to form the male testes cords?
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Which cells form the spermatids during spermatogenesis?
Which cells form the spermatids during spermatogenesis?
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What is the function of FSH receptors on Sertoli cells during spermatogenesis?
What is the function of FSH receptors on Sertoli cells during spermatogenesis?
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What is the role of the Basal compartment in spermatogenesis?
What is the role of the Basal compartment in spermatogenesis?
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What structure is transformed into the vas deferens under the influence of testosterone?
What structure is transformed into the vas deferens under the influence of testosterone?
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What is the function of LH in the hormonal control of spermatogenesis?
What is the function of LH in the hormonal control of spermatogenesis?
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What is the impact of testosterone levels below 20 ng/ml on spermatogenesis?
What is the impact of testosterone levels below 20 ng/ml on spermatogenesis?
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Which part of the male genital system is responsible for resorbing excess luminal fluid in the epididymis?
Which part of the male genital system is responsible for resorbing excess luminal fluid in the epididymis?
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What is the primary function of residual bodies in spermatogenesis?
What is the primary function of residual bodies in spermatogenesis?
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Which hormone is responsible for shutting off Leydig cell activity at birth?
Which hormone is responsible for shutting off Leydig cell activity at birth?
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What stimulates Sertoli cell function in the male reproductive system?
What stimulates Sertoli cell function in the male reproductive system?
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In spermatogenesis, what differentiates the male internal genitalia like the epididymis and vas deferens?
In spermatogenesis, what differentiates the male internal genitalia like the epididymis and vas deferens?
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What is the main function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
What is the main function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
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During which phase of development does the hormonal feedback regulation by E2, T, and inhibin occur within the HPA axis?
During which phase of development does the hormonal feedback regulation by E2, T, and inhibin occur within the HPA axis?
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What stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?
What stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone?
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What is the primary impact of testosterone on spermatogenesis?
What is the primary impact of testosterone on spermatogenesis?
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What part of the male reproductive system is responsible for transporting sperm to the urethra?
What part of the male reproductive system is responsible for transporting sperm to the urethra?
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Which cells result from meiosis II in the process of spermatogenesis?
Which cells result from meiosis II in the process of spermatogenesis?
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What is the main characteristic of spermatozoa that distinguishes them from other cell types in spermatogenesis?
What is the main characteristic of spermatozoa that distinguishes them from other cell types in spermatogenesis?
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During spermiogenesis, what process involves elongation, condensation of genetic material, tail development, and acrosome formation?
During spermiogenesis, what process involves elongation, condensation of genetic material, tail development, and acrosome formation?
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What is the primary function of the acrosome in sperm development?
What is the primary function of the acrosome in sperm development?
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Which organelle is responsible for the formation of the flagellum during spermiogenesis?
Which organelle is responsible for the formation of the flagellum during spermiogenesis?
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What is the main purpose of spermiogenesis in the context of sperm development?
What is the main purpose of spermiogenesis in the context of sperm development?
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Dartos muscle and Superficial fascia derived from which of the following?
Dartos muscle and Superficial fascia derived from which of the following?
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What is the main function of the tunica albuginea in the testes?
What is the main function of the tunica albuginea in the testes?
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Which part of the male reproductive system collects sperm from the seminiferous tubules?
Which part of the male reproductive system collects sperm from the seminiferous tubules?
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What is the purpose of the tunica vaginalis in relation to the testes?
What is the purpose of the tunica vaginalis in relation to the testes?
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What is one of the critical functions of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?
What is one of the critical functions of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?
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How do Sertoli cells contribute to the nutritional support of developing germ cells in spermatogenesis?
How do Sertoli cells contribute to the nutritional support of developing germ cells in spermatogenesis?
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In what way do Sertoli cells help regulate spermatogenic cycling in the testes?
In what way do Sertoli cells help regulate spermatogenic cycling in the testes?
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The epididymis is lined by which kind of epithelium?
The epididymis is lined by which kind of epithelium?
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What is the function of stereo cilia within the epididymis and vas deferens?
What is the function of stereo cilia within the epididymis and vas deferens?
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What is the main function of the middle layer (tunica media) of the vas deferens?
What is the main function of the middle layer (tunica media) of the vas deferens?
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Which component of the connective tissue in the vas deferens is responsible for supporting and providing a pathway for blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels?
Which component of the connective tissue in the vas deferens is responsible for supporting and providing a pathway for blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels?
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Which layer of the vas deferens contains smooth muscle fibers that facilitate peristaltic contractions to propel sperm through the duct?
Which layer of the vas deferens contains smooth muscle fibers that facilitate peristaltic contractions to propel sperm through the duct?
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What is the primary function of principal cells in the seminal vesicles?
What is the primary function of principal cells in the seminal vesicles?
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Which histological characteristic is crucial for the storage of seminal vesicle fluid?
Which histological characteristic is crucial for the storage of seminal vesicle fluid?
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What distinguishes Mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) from principal cells in the seminal vesicles?
What distinguishes Mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs) from principal cells in the seminal vesicles?
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What is the role of the basement membrane in the prostate gland?
What is the role of the basement membrane in the prostate gland?
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Which condition is characterized by malignant tumors originating in the prostate's epithelial cells?
Which condition is characterized by malignant tumors originating in the prostate's epithelial cells?
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What is the function of glandular ducts in the prostate gland?
What is the function of glandular ducts in the prostate gland?
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What role does smooth muscle contraction play in penile erection?
What role does smooth muscle contraction play in penile erection?
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How is vasodilation related to penile erection?
How is vasodilation related to penile erection?
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What is the primary function of nitric oxide in penile function?
What is the primary function of nitric oxide in penile function?
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What type of muscle is responsible for maintaining the urethra's tone and facilitating the movement of urine and semen?
What type of muscle is responsible for maintaining the urethra's tone and facilitating the movement of urine and semen?
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Which arteries primarily supply blood to the male urethra?
Which arteries primarily supply blood to the male urethra?
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What type of epithelium lines the male urethra?
What type of epithelium lines the male urethra?
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Which gland is responsible for the emission of ejaculate during sexual arousal?
Which gland is responsible for the emission of ejaculate during sexual arousal?
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What is the role of smooth muscle in the bulbourethral glands?
What is the role of smooth muscle in the bulbourethral glands?
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What type of epithelium is found on the germinal epithelium of ovaries?
What type of epithelium is found on the germinal epithelium of ovaries?
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Where are the blood vessels within and ovary?
Where are the blood vessels within and ovary?
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What is the outcome of meiosis II in oogonia?
What is the outcome of meiosis II in oogonia?
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Which cell type gives rise to oogonia in females and spermatogonia in males?
Which cell type gives rise to oogonia in females and spermatogonia in males?
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What is the primary function of germ cells in sexual reproduction?
What is the primary function of germ cells in sexual reproduction?
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What staining technique is commonly used to identify Call-Exner bodies based on the description in the text?
What staining technique is commonly used to identify Call-Exner bodies based on the description in the text?
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How do Call-Exner bodies appear when stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain according to the text?
How do Call-Exner bodies appear when stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain according to the text?
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Why is microscopic examination of thyroid tissue sections essential for identifying Call-Exner bodies?
Why is microscopic examination of thyroid tissue sections essential for identifying Call-Exner bodies?
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Which of the following cell types does NOT play a direct role in the Graafian follicle?
Which of the following cell types does NOT play a direct role in the Graafian follicle?
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What triggers the release of the mature oocyte from the Graafian follicle during ovulation?
What triggers the release of the mature oocyte from the Graafian follicle during ovulation?
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Where does the embryo typically implant following fertilization?
Where does the embryo typically implant following fertilization?
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What is the primary function of thecal cells in relation to the corpus luteum?
What is the primary function of thecal cells in relation to the corpus luteum?
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Which hormone is responsible for triggering ovulation and supporting the formation of the corpus luteum?
Which hormone is responsible for triggering ovulation and supporting the formation of the corpus luteum?
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What role do luteal cells play in the human reproductive system?
What role do luteal cells play in the human reproductive system?
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What is the primary role of the Peg cells found in the Fallopian tube?
What is the primary role of the Peg cells found in the Fallopian tube?
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Which layer of the Fallopian tube contains lymphatic vessels running parallel to blood vessels?
Which layer of the Fallopian tube contains lymphatic vessels running parallel to blood vessels?
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In the female reproductive system, what coordinates with cilia to move gametes during ovulation?
In the female reproductive system, what coordinates with cilia to move gametes during ovulation?
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What is the primary function of the ovarian arteries in relation to the uterus?
What is the primary function of the ovarian arteries in relation to the uterus?
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What is a characteristic feature of Peg cells in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
What is a characteristic feature of Peg cells in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?
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Where do the uterine arteries originate from?
Where do the uterine arteries originate from?
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What role does estrogen play in the menstrual cycle?
What role does estrogen play in the menstrual cycle?
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During menstruation, what causes the blood vessels in the Stratum Functionalis to constrict?
During menstruation, what causes the blood vessels in the Stratum Functionalis to constrict?
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What transformation does the endometrial tissue undergo after implantation?
What transformation does the endometrial tissue undergo after implantation?
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What happens to the superficial layers of the endometrium during menstruation?
What happens to the superficial layers of the endometrium during menstruation?
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How does the stratum basalis contribute to the length variation of the menstrual cycle?
How does the stratum basalis contribute to the length variation of the menstrual cycle?
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Why is understanding the interplay of stratum basalis with the endometrium, myometrium, and menstrual cycle crucial?
Why is understanding the interplay of stratum basalis with the endometrium, myometrium, and menstrual cycle crucial?
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What is the main reason for the transformation of columnar epithelial cells into squamous epithelial cells in the endocervical canal?
What is the main reason for the transformation of columnar epithelial cells into squamous epithelial cells in the endocervical canal?
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Which type of epithelial cells are more resistant to infection than columnar cells in the endocervical canal?
Which type of epithelial cells are more resistant to infection than columnar cells in the endocervical canal?
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In the context of cervical glands, what function do squamous epithelial cells serve?
In the context of cervical glands, what function do squamous epithelial cells serve?
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What is the primary purpose of a Pap smear?
What is the primary purpose of a Pap smear?
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Which of the following is a common abnormality detectable through a Pap smear?
Which of the following is a common abnormality detectable through a Pap smear?
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In the context of cervical cancer, what is the significance of detecting dysplasia during a Pap smear?
In the context of cervical cancer, what is the significance of detecting dysplasia during a Pap smear?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential symptom of Nabothian cysts?
Which of the following is NOT a potential symptom of Nabothian cysts?
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What complication can occur if a large Nabothian cyst obstructs the cervical canal?
What complication can occur if a large Nabothian cyst obstructs the cervical canal?
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How can an infected Nabothian cyst present?
How can an infected Nabothian cyst present?
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During the menstrual phase, which of the following statements about the vaginal epithelium is most accurate?
During the menstrual phase, which of the following statements about the vaginal epithelium is most accurate?
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Which histological feature is characteristic of vaginitis?
Which histological feature is characteristic of vaginitis?
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What is a common histological feature of vaginal polyps?
What is a common histological feature of vaginal polyps?
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Which histological feature is associated with vaginal dysplasia?
Which histological feature is associated with vaginal dysplasia?
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What distinguishes inclusion cysts histologically from other common vaginal pathologies?
What distinguishes inclusion cysts histologically from other common vaginal pathologies?
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Study Notes
Deciphering the Delicate Dance of Primitive Sex Cords
In the fascinating process of embryonic development, primitive sex cords play a pivotal role in shaping the reproductive system—one that's essential for the continuation of life on our planet.
Embryonic Development
When a fertilized egg develops into an embryo, it undergoes a series of intricate transformations that lead to the formation of the entire organism. During the third week of embryonic development (in human terms), a structure called the gonadal ridge begins to emerge, which eventually differentiates into testes in males and ovaries in females.
Gonadal Development
The gonadal ridge, comprised of primordial germ cells and supporting cells, is the anlage of the gonads. Initially, the gonadal ridge consists of three layers: an outer layer of mesothelium, a middle layer of mesenchyme, and an inner layer of primordial germ cells.
Primary Sex Cords
At around the fifth week of development, the mesenchyme cells within the gonadal ridge begin to differentiate into sex cords. These delicate tubular structures are known as primary sex cords. The development of primary sex cords is a sexually dimorphic process, meaning that it differs between males and females.
In males, the primary sex cords interact with the primordial germ cells, attracting them to the center of the gonadal ridge and facilitating their differentiation into spermatogonia, the precursors of sperm cells. In females, the primary sex cords disappear, leaving the primordial germ cells free to differentiate into oocytes, the precursors of eggs.
The Impact of Primary Sex Cords
The primary sex cords are not only critical for the establishment of the germline (i.e., spermatogonia and oocytes) but also play an essential role in the formation of the supporting structures of the testes and ovaries. In males, the primary sex cords give rise to the seminiferous tubules, the site of sperm development. In females, the remnants of the primary sex cords contribute to the formation of the ovarian stroma and the follicles, the structures that house the oocytes.
The development of the reproductive system is a complex process, and the formation of the primary sex cords is a fundamental part of this journey. Understanding the mechanisms behind this development can provide valuable insights into the development of reproductive disorders and the establishment of reproductive health.
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