Embryology Quiz: Cleavage and Development
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Questions and Answers

What type of cleavage occurs in birds?

  • Discoidal meroblastic (correct)
  • Radial
  • Holoblastic
  • Irregular

    • The area pellucida is the opaque region surrounding the area opaca.

    False

    What is the role of the primitive streak in embryonic development?

    It defines the axis of the embryo.

    The ______ is the thickening of the epiblast at the posterior region of the embryo.

    <p>primitive streak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Area Pellucida = Translucent central area of the blastoderm Area Opaca = Peripheral opaque area surrounding the area pellucida Hensen's Node = Thickening at the anterior end of the primitive streak Primitive Groove = Depression within the primitive streak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the two-layered blastoderm?

    <p>Formed through ingression and delamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells passing through the lateral portions of the primitive streak mainly form ectodermal tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional equivalent of the dorsal lip of the amphibian blastopore in birds?

    <p>Hensen's node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the paraxial mesoderm?

    <p>Forms structures associated with the axial skeleton and musculature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

    <p>Motor coordination and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The notochord plays a significant role in signaling and patterning surrounding tissues during development.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do somites derive from?

    <p>Paraxial mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The surface ectoderm gives rise to Schwann cells, which myelinate peripheral nerves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The splanchnic (visceral) layer of the lateral plate mesoderm forms the ______ and the vascular system.

    <p>visceral organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pons in the brain?

    <p>Serves as a relay station for signals between the forebrain and the cerebellum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mesoderm types with their corresponding fates:

    <p>Paraxial Mesoderm = Forms axial skeleton and musculature Intermediate Mesoderm = Forms urinary and reproductive systems Lateral Plate Mesoderm = Forms visceral organs and body walls Notochord = Plays a signaling role in development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neuroectoderm ultimately develops into the _____ and _____ systems.

    <p>central nervous, peripheral nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are derived from myotome?

    <p>Skeletal muscles of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the rhombencephalon with their functions:

    <p>Cerebellum = Motor coordination and balance Medulla oblongata = Regulation of heart rate and breathing Pons = Relay station for signals Cerebral Aqueduct = Circulation of cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart tube is formed from the merging of pre-cardiac mesoderm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the myelencephalon is responsible for vital autonomic functions?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the intermediate mesoderm form?

    <p>Kidneys and gonads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fourth ventricle is located between the cerebellum and the pons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the heart tube's looping during development?

    <p>To establish functional chambers in the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental stage of many vertebrates shows the division of the rhombencephalon into rhombomeres?

    <p>33-hour stage of embryonic development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The midgut develops into the esophagus and part of the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures will the lung buds eventually give rise to?

    <p>Bronchi and lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is the part of the gut tube that will develop into the large intestine.

    <p>hindgut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gut tube sections with their corresponding developments:

    <p>Foregut = Pharynx, esophagus, part of stomach Midgut = Most of the small intestine and cecum Hindgut = Large intestine, rectum, anus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the pancreas begin to develop during embryonic growth?

    <p>From the dorsal part of the foregut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the olfactory placode give rise to?

    <p>Olfactory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thyroid gland is formed from mesodermal tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What eventually forms from the differentiation of the endoderm in the pharyngeal pouches?

    <p>Parathyroid glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Hensen's node in chick embryology?

    <p>Migration of mesodermal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ectoderm contributes to the formation of the enamel of teeth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The area pellucida is characterized by a dark appearance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures do auditory placodes give rise to?

    <p>Inner ear structures including cochlea and vestibular system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epithelial layer of the cornea is formed by the surface __________.

    <p>ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the head mesenchyme and prechordal plate mesoderm?

    <p>Cells migrating through the lateral portion of the primitive streak.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of placode with its corresponding contribution:

    <p>Olfactory placode = Olfactory epithelium Lens placode = Lens of the eye Auditory placodes = Inner ear structures Otic placode = Otic pit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is an area at the cephalic end of a vertebrate embryo where ectoderm and endoderm are not separated by mesoderm.

    <p>proamnion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following anatomical features with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Primitive streak = An area where mesoderm cells migrate Neural groove = Forms the basis of the nervous system Hensen's node = A node that marks where the primitive streak begins Chorda = Structure that forms the basis for the notochord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the invagination of the otic placode?

    <p>The otic pit begins to form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lateral edges of the otic pit move apart during its growth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of embryonic cells first migrate through Hensen's node?

    <p>Pharyngeal endoderm of the foregut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The area opaca is the central translucent region of the blastoderm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point does the otic placode begin the invagination process?

    <p>Around 28-30 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chick embryo development, cells that migrate anteriorly displace the _____ cells.

    <p>hypoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chick Embryo Development

    • Chick embryo development follows a structured timeline
    • The provided outlines are for 18-hr, 24-hr, and 33-hr chick embryos

    Chicken Egg Anatomy

    • The egg white includes albumin layers: inner thin layer, outer thin layer, and a fibrous layer.
    • The yolk is surrounded by the vitelline membrane, and the blastoderm is a thin layer of cells located on top of the yolk.
    • The shell and the air space are also integral parts of the egg's anatomy.
    • Chalazae are fibrous cords that hold the yolk in the center of the egg.

    Cleavage in Birds

    • Bird cleavage is discoidal meroblastic.
    • Cleavage occurs in a blastodisc.
    • Cleavage divides the blastoderm into smaller cells, forming a 5-6 layered structure.

    Two-Layered Blastoderm

    • A two-layered blastoderm is formed through ingression and delamination.
    • The subgerminal cavity forms between the blastoderm and the yolk.
    • The area pellucida is a translucent central region where the embryo develops.
    • The area opaca is the peripheral, opaque area surrounding the area pellucida.

    Primitive Streak

    • The primitive streak defines the embryo's axis.
    • It's a thickening of the epiblast in the posterior region of the embryo.
    • The primitive streak is formed by the ingression of endodermal precursors and cell migration from the lateral region.
    • It elongates toward the future head region, and its thickest point (Hensen's node) is at the anterior end.
    • The primitive groove is a depression within the streak, allowing migrating cells to pass into the blastocoel.
    • The primitive streak is analogous to the amphibian blastopore and includes the Hensen's node

    Continuously Changing Cell Population

    • Cells migrating through Hensen's node to the blastocoel, migrate to the anterior and form structures like foregut.
    • Cells passing through the lateral parts of the primitive streak differentiate into endodermal and mesodermal tissues.
    • The scatter factor, a 190kDa protein, facilitates EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) during this process

    Migration: Endoderm and Mesoderm Formation

    • First cells migrating through Hensen's node are the pharyngeal endoderm.
    • Cells in the germinal crescent are precursors for germ cells.
    • Head mesenchyme and prechordal plate mesoderm do not migrate ventrally.
    • The head process in the epiblast forms the anterior midline, including the chordamesoderm.
    • Cells migrate inwardly through the lateral portions of the primitive streak to form endodermal and mesodermal tissues.

    18-hr Chick Embryo

    • The 18-hr chick embryo exhibits features marking the early stages of development.

    Embryology of Chicken (18, 20 hours - Whole Mount)

    • These stages detail the layout and features of those embryos
    • Different structures like the proamnion, area opaca, area pellucida, neural plate, chord, Hensen's node, and primitive streak are identified according to the specifics of the stated hours and are visible in the corresponding labeled images.

    24-hr Chick Embryo

    • The embryo shows further development
    • 4 pairs of somites are present and identifiable
    • Area opaca is easily seen and so is the translucent area pellucida
    • The primitive streak and neural groove are present along with Hensen's node

    33-hr Chick Embryo

    • The 33-hr chick embryo shows a more definite layout.
    • Structures include forebrain, optic vesicle, midbrain, neural groove, notochord, mesoderm, area opaca, primitive groove, and more.

    Fate of the Ectoderm

    • The neuroectoderm forms the CNS and PNS
    • The brain and spinal cord form from the neural tube
    • Peripheral nervous system originates from the neural crest cells
    • Sensory ganglia, autonomic ganglia, Schwann's cells, chromaffin cells, facial cartilage, and bone are derived from the neuroectoderm

    Fate of the Surface Ectoderm

    • Surface ectoderm forms the epidermis.
    • Appendages such as hair, nails, and glands arise from the surface ectoderm.
    • Mucous membranes lining the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and anus form from surface ectoderm; the lens and tympanic membrane are also derived from this tissue type.

    Fate of Placodes

    • Specialized areas in ectoderm, form specialized structures like the olfactory epithelium (olfactory placodes), lens of the eye, and inner ear structures, including the cochlea and vestibular system.
    • The enamel of teeth, anterior pituitary gland, and the cornea also originate from ectoderm.

    Fate of the Otic Placode

    • The otic pit becomes well-formed and the invagination is complete by 33 hours
    • Induction of the otic placode with thickening leads to formation in the rhombomeres region, and this placode differentiates from surrounding ectoderm.
    • The process of invagination of the otic placode from 28-30 hrs leads to a cup-like structure forming the otic pit.
    • The deepening and growth of the otic pit (30-33 hrs) with continuous proliferation within the pit and convergence of edges is a crucial part of development.

    Fate of the Mesoderm

    • Paraxial mesoderm develops into somites which in turn form sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome.
    • Intermediate mesoderm forms the kidneys, gonads as well as parts of the genital ducts and adrenal glands (mesonephros).
    • Lateral plate mesoderm separates into somatic and splanchnic layers to give rise to skeletal muscles, dermis, bone, lining of body cavities(peritonueum, pleura, pericardium), heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles of internal organs, and mesenteries to support organs.
    • Notochord is a transient but crucial structure in signaling, patterning, eventually degenerating in most species but contributing to the intervertebral discs' nucleus pulposus.

    Fate of the Heart

    • Precardiac mesoderm forms a heart tube which contains endocardium (inner lining) and myocardium (muscle tissue).
    • The development of the heart encompasses looping to establish the functional heart chambers
    • The looping process that begins at 20 hours positions different heart segments
    • This looping begins to develop into distinct chambers, including the atrium and ventricles in about 24-30 hours.

    Fate of the Endoderm

    • The endoderm forms the primitive gut tube, giving rise to the foregut, midgut and hindgut.
    • Foregut forms the pharynx, esophagus, part of the stomach.
    • Midgut forms the majority of the small intestine and the cecum.
    • Hindgut forms the large intestine, the rectum, and the anus.
    • Lung development begins as buds from the foregut, leading to bronchi and lungs. Liver and pancreas develop from the endoderm, with the liver from the ventral wall and the pancreas from the dorsal part.
    • The thyroid gland development within the pharynx from endodermal tissue
    • The parathyroid glands also arise from the endoderm's tissue located to the pharynx's regions.
    • Urogenital system's epithelial lining also forms from endodermal tissue, including the parts of the urethra and bladder

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about embryonic development in birds with this quiz. Topics include types of cleavage, roles of various structures, and the formation of tissues during development. Perfect for students studying developmental biology or related fields.

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