Embryonic Development and Fetal Communication Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of the first trimester?

Weeks 1 through 13w6d

How long does a normal pregnancy typically last?

9 months

What is the term used for pregnancy carried beyond 42 weeks?

Post-term

What does the abbreviation EDC stand for?

Estimated Date of Confinement Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation AGA stand for in obstetrics?

Appropriate for Gestational Age Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a living child?

>500gms and >20 weeks gestational age Signup and view all the answers

Which embryonic structure is responsible for communication from the yolk sac to the midgut during fetal development?

Omphalomesenteric duct Signup and view all the answers

When does cleavage (cell division) occur after fertilization?

24-30 hours after fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the conceptus from conception to 10 weeks?

Embryo Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?

They are associated with poor outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for an absence of an embryo and yolk sac in pregnancy?

Anembryonic pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the widest part of the lateral ventricle where body, posterior horn, and temporal horn converge?

Atrium of the lateral ventricle Signup and view all the answers

During which trimester is nuchal translucency optimally measured for abnormalities?

First trimester Signup and view all the answers

What does idiopathic refer to?

Conditions arising from an unknown cause Signup and view all the answers

What does nosocomial mean?

Acquired or originating in a hospital Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of fetal hydronephrosis?

Renal pelvis and calyx dilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the ALARA principle in ultrasound imaging?

Minimizing patient exposure to radiation and ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

What is the most susceptible fetal tissue to thermal effects of ultrasound?

Tissue adjacent to bone Signup and view all the answers

Which maternal blood test is usually done between 15-23 weeks and measures hCG, MSAFP, and estriol?

Triple Screen Signup and view all the answers

What is the concern if the distance from the internal os to the lower edge of the placenta is less than 2 cm?

Low-lying placenta Signup and view all the answers

What imaging modality uses features of nuclear medicine and computed tomography?

PET Signup and view all the answers

What does a transverse view of the brain reveal?

Choroid plexus and lateral cerebral ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What is a well-cultivated critical thinker expected to do?

Ask vital questions and recognize problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of human hearing?

20-20000 Hz Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the pulse-echo technique in ultrasound?

To send and receive sound waves Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle of the brain?

Thalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the foramen ovale in adult life?

Bypasses right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

Which measurement is a predictor of fetal growth?

Abdominal circumference Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ductus venosus in fetal circulation?

Enables oxygenated blood to bypass liver Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the space between the leaves of septum pellucidum with an interrupted falx?

CSP Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'railway sign' refer to in sonography?

Fetal spine appearance Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the cerebral hemispheres?

Falx cerebri Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of nuclear medicine in imaging?

Uses radioactive material for imaging Signup and view all the answers

What does the cephalic index determine?

Fetal head shape Signup and view all the answers

Which maternal serum test can reveal fetal gender and detect chromosomal anomalies from 9-10 weeks' gestation?

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone's levels are decreased in cases of abortion, anembryonic pregnancy, and trisomy 13 and 18?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition features microcephaly, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, long round philtrum, malformed ears, and heart defects?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Signup and view all the answers

What determines fetal presentation by the position of the fetal part closest to the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic sections?

Cephalic Signup and view all the answers

Which syndrome results in decreased estriol levels?

Down syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What forms the base of the placental bed and consists of decidua basalis, capsularis, and parietalis?

Decidualized endometrium Signup and view all the answers

Which maternal serum hormone's levels are decreased in cases of abortion, anembryonic pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, trisomy 13 and 18, and Turner syndrome?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Signup and view all the answers

What hormone's levels are increased in cases of molar pregnancy and Down syndrome?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Signup and view all the answers

What condition features microcephaly, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, long round philtrum, malformed ears, and heart defects?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational age can maternal serum testing reveal fetal gender and detect chromosomal anomalies?

9-10 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the syndrome that results in increased levels of estriol?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Signup and view all the answers

At what point does the blastocyst implant within the myometrium?

28th day Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation AFI stand for in obstetrics?

Amnionic fluid index Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for a pregnancy carried beyond 42 weeks?

Post-term Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation EFW stand for in obstetrics?

Estimated fetal weight Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?

Association with chromosomal abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ductus venosus in fetal circulation?

Bypassing liver circulation Signup and view all the answers

When does cleavage (cell division) occur after fertilization?

Immediately after fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a maternal blood test usually done between 15-23 weeks, measuring hCG, MSAFP, and estriol?

Triple Screen Signup and view all the answers

What technique can help correct ring down artifacts in ultrasound?

Increasing the PRF setting Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of cystic hygroma?

Congenital malformation caused by blood accumulation in the jugular lymphatic sacs Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'railway sign' refer to in sonography?

Appearance of parallel lines on an ultrasound image Signup and view all the answers

What may be sloughed off during pregnancy as a protective skin covering?

Vernix Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging modality uses features of nuclear medicine and computed tomography?

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal time to measure nuchal translucency for abnormalities?

11-13 weeks 6 days Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'idiopathic' refer to?

Conditions arising spontaneously or from an unknown cause Signup and view all the answers

Which ultrasound parameter is essential for increased visualization of specific structures?

Dynamic range (DR) Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization occur in the female reproductive system?

Ampullary portion of the tube Signup and view all the answers

What do teratogens refer to?

Fetal abnormalities during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the yolk sac during fetal development?

Hematopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the ALARA principle in ultrasound imaging?

Minimizing patient exposure to radiation and ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

When does cleavage (cell division) occur after fertilization?

24-30 hours Signup and view all the answers

When is early pregnancy scan, also known as a viability scan, typically done?

7-9 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?

Associated with poor outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What determines fetal presentation by the position of the fetal part closest to the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic sections?

Distance from the internal os to the bony landmark Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ductus venosus in fetal circulation?

Connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the foramen ovale in adult life?

It is a shunt between the right and left atria, bypassing the right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of cystic hygroma?

Fluid-filled sac in the neck region of a fetus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ductus venosus in fetal circulation?

It shunts blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

Which measurement is a predictor of fetal growth?

Abdominal circumference (AC) Signup and view all the answers

What does a transverse view of the brain reveal?

Cavity within the brain, lined by ependymal cells and filled with cerebrospinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?

They may be associated with chromosomal anomalies Signup and view all the answers

What may be sloughed off during pregnancy as a protective skin covering?

Fetal skin cells and vernix caseosa Signup and view all the answers

Which embryonic structure is responsible for communication from the yolk sac to the midgut during fetal development?

Cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pulse-echo technique in ultrasound?

To send ultrasound waves and listen for echoes Signup and view all the answers

What does nuchal translucency measure for abnormalities?

Trisomy 21 and trisomy 18 Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal time to measure nuchal translucency for abnormalities?

11-13 weeks 6 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a common ultrasound finding characterized by renal pelvis and calyx dilation?

Fetal hydronephrosis Signup and view all the answers

What do teratogens refer to in pregnancy?

Substances or conditions that cause fetal abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the ALARA principle in ultrasound imaging focused on?

Minimizing patient exposure to radiation and ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

What is the most susceptible fetal tissue to thermal effects of ultrasound?

Fetal tissue adjacent to bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical term for a pregnancy carried beyond 42 weeks?

Post-term Signup and view all the answers

Which maternal serum test can reveal fetal gender and detect chromosomal anomalies from 9-10 weeks' gestation?

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) test Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation EFW stand for in obstetrics?

Estimated Fetal Weight Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone's levels are decreased in cases of abortion, anembryonic pregnancy, and trisomy 13 and 18?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the foramen ovale in adult life?

Fetal circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

Microcephaly Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation DM stand for in obstetrics?

Diabetes Mellitus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vitelline duct during fetal development?

Connects the embryo to the yolk sac Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the conceptus from conception to 10 weeks?

Embryo Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the syndrome that results in decreased estriol levels?

Turner syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What does the abbreviation AC stand for in obstetrics?

Abdominal Circumference Signup and view all the answers

Which screening test includes Triple Test (AFP, hCG, and unconjugated estriol)?

Integrated test Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational age does ovulation occur, releasing a mature ovum from a graafian follicle?

Day 14 Signup and view all the answers

When does cleavage (cell division) occur after fertilization?

24-30 hours after fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a large yolk sac in pregnancy?

Associated with poor outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the yolk sac during fetal development?

Provides nutrients to the developing embryo Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational age does implantation occur after fertilization?

6 days after fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What is the embryonic structure responsible for communication from the yolk sac to the midgut during fetal development?

Vitelline duct (omphalomesenteric duct) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a maternal blood test usually done between 15-23 weeks, measuring hCG, MSAFP, and estriol?

Triple Screen Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of cystic hygroma?

Lymph Accumulation in the Fetal Neck Signup and view all the answers

What does a transverse view of the brain reveal?

Choroid Plexus and Lateral Cerebral Ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a well-cultivated critical thinker?

Gathers and Assesses Information Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?

Predictor of Fetal Growth Signup and view all the answers

What technique can help correct ring down artifacts in ultrasound?

Increasing the PRF Setting Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the space between the leaves of septum pellucidum with an interrupted falx?

CSP Signup and view all the answers

Which structure functions as a shunt between right and left atria, bypassing the right ventricle in adult life?

Ductus venosus Signup and view all the answers

What is the median part of the cerebellum between the hemispheres called?

Vermis cerebelli Signup and view all the answers

What is the three-dimensional measurement that includes cavum septum pellucidum, third ventricle, thalami, and tentorium used for?

Head circumference Signup and view all the answers

What is the one-dimensional measurement used as a long bone of choice for ease of measurement?

Femur length Signup and view all the answers

Which sonographic term describes the appearance of the fetal spine?

Railway sign Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle of the brain?

Thalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio used to determine fetal head shape, with a normal range of 74-84%?

$74-84\frac{fetal head}{cranium}$ Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Maternal serum testing can reveal fetal gender and detect chromosomal anomalies, such as trisomy 21, 18, and 13, and sex chromosome abnormalities from 9-10 weeks' gestation.
Structural anomalies are not detected through cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and its accuracy decreases for obese patients.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone, produced by the placenta, can be detected in maternal serum and urine. Its levels are decreased in cases of abortion, anembryonic pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, trisomy 13 and 18, and Turner syndrome. Conversely, it is increased in cases of molar pregnancy and Down syndrome.
Placenta produces estriol, estrogen, and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A). Estriol levels are decreased in Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and Turner syndrome, while PAPP-A levels are increased in Down syndrome.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) features include microcephaly, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, long round philtrum, malformed ears, microphthalmia, heart defects (ventricular septal defects-VSD, cleft palate), fetal lie and presentation.
Fetal presentation is determined by the position of the fetal part closest to the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic sections. Cephalic is clockwise, and breech is anti-clockwise.
Patients in late second or third trimester may suffer from supine hypotensive syndrome, where the gravid uterus compresses the inferior vena cava, leading to symptoms like tachycardia, sweating, nausea, and pallor.
Screening tests include Triple Test (AFP, hCG, and unconjugated estriol), Quad Test (AFP, hCG, unconjugated estriol, and inhibin A), Integrated (I-trimester NT, PAPP-A, and II trimester AFP, unconjugated estriol, hCG, and inhibin A), and third-trimester sonogram for fetal presentation and growth evaluation.
Assessment during third-trimester sonogram includes fetal presentation, gestational age, fetal growth, fetal viability, and placenta characterization.
Placenta previa should be excluded, and the cervix is evaluated using transvaginal or trans-perineal imaging if there are risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth, short cervix, or history of uterine contractions.
Fetal growth studies involve serial growth analysis, measuring fetal biparietal diameter, head circumference, femur length, humerus length, and abdominal circumference.
Uterus, adnexa, and cervix are evaluated to exclude masses that may complicate obstetric management.
Blastocyst implants within the myometrium by the 28th day, and the chorionic cavity's other name is the extraembryonic coelom.
Decidualized endometrium forms the base of the placental bed, consisting of decidua basalis, capsularis, and parietalis.
Chorion includes chorion frondosum, forming the primordial placenta, and chorion laeve, with atrophied villi.
Vitelline duct connects the embryo to the yolk sac.
The yolk sac is an embryonic structure responsible for communication from the yolk sac to the midgut during fetal development.
Developed from the fusion of the yolk stalk and vitelline duct (omphalomesenteric duct) early in gestation.
Ovulation occurs on Day 14, releasing a mature ovum from a graafian follicle.
Corpus luteum produces progesterone for implantation.
Fertilization occurs in the ampullary portion of the tube, starting 24-36 hours after ovulation.
Cleavage (cell division) happens 24-30 hours after fertilization.
Implantation occurs 6 days after fertilization.
From conception to 10 weeks, the conceptus is called an embryo. After 10 weeks, it is referred to as a fetus.
Ultrasound measurements: 2.2mm-6mm round yolk sac, seen when the mean sac diameter (MSD) is greater than 6mm, or at 5.5 weeks' gestation.
Functions: provides nutrients to the developing embryo, hematopoiesis, and develops the primitive gut.
Large yolk sacs are generally associated with poor outcomes.
Abnormalities or degenerative changes: large (>6mm) or small (<2mm) yolk sacs, irregular shape, calcified yolk sac.
Blighted ovum or anembryonic pregnancy: absence of an embryo and yolk sac.
Ectopic pregnancy: all about it with sonographic features.
Atrium of the lateral ventricle: widest part of the lateral ventricle where body, posterior horn, and temporal horn converge.
Glomus of the lateral ventricle: not defined in the provided text.
Ultrasound protocol: patient questions, instructions, positioning, and image acquisition.
Ultrasound frequency ranges: 3-5 MHz for most pregnant patients, lower frequency for obese patients, and linear transducer for thin patients.
Ultrasound uses pulse-echo technique: transducer sends wave, listens for echo
Acoustic window: optimal location for demonstrating normal anatomy and pathology
Nuclear medicine uses radioactive material for imaging
CSP: Cavum Septum Pellucidum, rectangular space between leaves of septum pellucidum with interrupted falx
Cephalic index: ratio of cranium to determine fetal head shape, normal range: 74-84%
Ductus arteriosus: shunt in fetal circulation connecting main pulmonary artery and descending aorta
Ductus venosus: shunt in fetal circulation enabling oxygenated blood to bypass liver, becomes ligamentum venosum after birth
Foramen ovale: shunt between right and left atria, bypasses right ventricle in adult life
Falx cerebri: sickle-shaped fold of dura mater separating cerebral hemispheres
Meconium: material in fetal intestines forming first stool
Railway sign: sonographic term describing fetal spine appearance
Thalamus: pair of large oval structures forming lateral walls of third ventricle of brain
Vermis cerebelli: median part of cerebellum between hemispheres
Biparietal diameter: two-dimensional measurement through widest position of head
Head circumference: three-dimensional measurement including cavum septum pellucidum, third ventricle, thalami, and tentorium
Abdominal circumference: three-dimensional measurement, predictor of fetal growth
Femur length: one-dimensional measurement, long bone of choice for ease of measurement
Image optimization: reduce output power, place gains to display myometrium hypoechoic, place focal zone below area of interest.
Ultrasound uses pulse-echo technique: transducer sends wave, listens for echo
Acoustic window: optimal location for demonstrating normal anatomy and pathology
Nuclear medicine uses radioactive material for imaging
CSP: Cavum Septum Pellucidum, rectangular space between leaves of septum pellucidum with interrupted falx
Cephalic index: ratio of cranium to determine fetal head shape, normal range: 74-84%
Ductus arteriosus: shunt in fetal circulation connecting main pulmonary artery and descending aorta
Ductus venosus: shunt in fetal circulation enabling oxygenated blood to bypass liver, becomes ligamentum venosum after birth
Foramen ovale: shunt between right and left atria, bypasses right ventricle in adult life
Falx cerebri: sickle-shaped fold of dura mater separating cerebral hemispheres
Meconium: material in fetal intestines forming first stool
Railway sign: sonographic term describing fetal spine appearance
Thalamus: pair of large oval structures forming lateral walls of third ventricle of brain
Vermis cerebelli: median part of cerebellum between hemispheres
Biparietal diameter: two-dimensional measurement through widest position of head
Head circumference: three-dimensional measurement including cavum septum pellucidum, third ventricle, thalami, and tentorium
Abdominal circumference: three-dimensional measurement, predictor of fetal growth
Femur length: one-dimensional measurement, long bone of choice for ease of measurement
Image optimization: reduce output power, place gains to display myometrium hypoechoic, place focal zone below area of interest.

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