Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the definition of the first trimester?
What is the definition of the first trimester?
- Weeks 27 through 42
- Weeks 14 through 26
- Weeks 1 through 12
- Weeks 1 through 13w6d (correct)
How long does a normal pregnancy typically last?
How long does a normal pregnancy typically last?
- 7 months
- 12 months
- 10 months
- 9 months (correct)
What is the term used for pregnancy carried beyond 42 weeks?
What is the term used for pregnancy carried beyond 42 weeks?
- Normal term
- Post-term (correct)
- High-risk term
- Preterm
What does the abbreviation EDC stand for?
What does the abbreviation EDC stand for?
What does the abbreviation AGA stand for in obstetrics?
What does the abbreviation AGA stand for in obstetrics?
What is the definition of a living child?
What is the definition of a living child?
Which embryonic structure is responsible for communication from the yolk sac to the midgut during fetal development?
Which embryonic structure is responsible for communication from the yolk sac to the midgut during fetal development?
When does cleavage (cell division) occur after fertilization?
When does cleavage (cell division) occur after fertilization?
What is the term used for the conceptus from conception to 10 weeks?
What is the term used for the conceptus from conception to 10 weeks?
What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?
What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?
What is the term used for an absence of an embryo and yolk sac in pregnancy?
What is the term used for an absence of an embryo and yolk sac in pregnancy?
What is the widest part of the lateral ventricle where body, posterior horn, and temporal horn converge?
What is the widest part of the lateral ventricle where body, posterior horn, and temporal horn converge?
During which trimester is nuchal translucency optimally measured for abnormalities?
During which trimester is nuchal translucency optimally measured for abnormalities?
What does idiopathic refer to?
What does idiopathic refer to?
What does nosocomial mean?
What does nosocomial mean?
What is the characteristic feature of fetal hydronephrosis?
What is the characteristic feature of fetal hydronephrosis?
What is the ALARA principle in ultrasound imaging?
What is the ALARA principle in ultrasound imaging?
What is the most susceptible fetal tissue to thermal effects of ultrasound?
What is the most susceptible fetal tissue to thermal effects of ultrasound?
Which maternal blood test is usually done between 15-23 weeks and measures hCG, MSAFP, and estriol?
Which maternal blood test is usually done between 15-23 weeks and measures hCG, MSAFP, and estriol?
What is the concern if the distance from the internal os to the lower edge of the placenta is less than 2 cm?
What is the concern if the distance from the internal os to the lower edge of the placenta is less than 2 cm?
What imaging modality uses features of nuclear medicine and computed tomography?
What imaging modality uses features of nuclear medicine and computed tomography?
What does a transverse view of the brain reveal?
What does a transverse view of the brain reveal?
What is a well-cultivated critical thinker expected to do?
What is a well-cultivated critical thinker expected to do?
What is the normal range of human hearing?
What is the normal range of human hearing?
What is the purpose of the pulse-echo technique in ultrasound?
What is the purpose of the pulse-echo technique in ultrasound?
Which structure forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle of the brain?
Which structure forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle of the brain?
What is the function of the foramen ovale in adult life?
What is the function of the foramen ovale in adult life?
Which measurement is a predictor of fetal growth?
Which measurement is a predictor of fetal growth?
What is the role of ductus venosus in fetal circulation?
What is the role of ductus venosus in fetal circulation?
Which term describes the space between the leaves of septum pellucidum with an interrupted falx?
Which term describes the space between the leaves of septum pellucidum with an interrupted falx?
What does the term 'railway sign' refer to in sonography?
What does the term 'railway sign' refer to in sonography?
Which structure separates the cerebral hemispheres?
Which structure separates the cerebral hemispheres?
What is the purpose of nuclear medicine in imaging?
What is the purpose of nuclear medicine in imaging?
What does the cephalic index determine?
What does the cephalic index determine?
Which maternal serum test can reveal fetal gender and detect chromosomal anomalies from 9-10 weeks' gestation?
Which maternal serum test can reveal fetal gender and detect chromosomal anomalies from 9-10 weeks' gestation?
Which hormone's levels are decreased in cases of abortion, anembryonic pregnancy, and trisomy 13 and 18?
Which hormone's levels are decreased in cases of abortion, anembryonic pregnancy, and trisomy 13 and 18?
Which condition features microcephaly, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, long round philtrum, malformed ears, and heart defects?
Which condition features microcephaly, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, long round philtrum, malformed ears, and heart defects?
What determines fetal presentation by the position of the fetal part closest to the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic sections?
What determines fetal presentation by the position of the fetal part closest to the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic sections?
Which syndrome results in decreased estriol levels?
Which syndrome results in decreased estriol levels?
What forms the base of the placental bed and consists of decidua basalis, capsularis, and parietalis?
What forms the base of the placental bed and consists of decidua basalis, capsularis, and parietalis?
Which maternal serum hormone's levels are decreased in cases of abortion, anembryonic pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, trisomy 13 and 18, and Turner syndrome?
Which maternal serum hormone's levels are decreased in cases of abortion, anembryonic pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, trisomy 13 and 18, and Turner syndrome?
What hormone's levels are increased in cases of molar pregnancy and Down syndrome?
What hormone's levels are increased in cases of molar pregnancy and Down syndrome?
What condition features microcephaly, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, long round philtrum, malformed ears, and heart defects?
What condition features microcephaly, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, long round philtrum, malformed ears, and heart defects?
At what gestational age can maternal serum testing reveal fetal gender and detect chromosomal anomalies?
At what gestational age can maternal serum testing reveal fetal gender and detect chromosomal anomalies?
What is the term for the syndrome that results in increased levels of estriol?
What is the term for the syndrome that results in increased levels of estriol?
At what point does the blastocyst implant within the myometrium?
At what point does the blastocyst implant within the myometrium?
What does the abbreviation AFI stand for in obstetrics?
What does the abbreviation AFI stand for in obstetrics?
What is the term used for a pregnancy carried beyond 42 weeks?
What is the term used for a pregnancy carried beyond 42 weeks?
What does the abbreviation EFW stand for in obstetrics?
What does the abbreviation EFW stand for in obstetrics?
What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?
What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?
What is the role of ductus venosus in fetal circulation?
What is the role of ductus venosus in fetal circulation?
When does cleavage (cell division) occur after fertilization?
When does cleavage (cell division) occur after fertilization?
What is the term for a maternal blood test usually done between 15-23 weeks, measuring hCG, MSAFP, and estriol?
What is the term for a maternal blood test usually done between 15-23 weeks, measuring hCG, MSAFP, and estriol?
What technique can help correct ring down artifacts in ultrasound?
What technique can help correct ring down artifacts in ultrasound?
What is the characteristic feature of cystic hygroma?
What is the characteristic feature of cystic hygroma?
What does the term 'railway sign' refer to in sonography?
What does the term 'railway sign' refer to in sonography?
What may be sloughed off during pregnancy as a protective skin covering?
What may be sloughed off during pregnancy as a protective skin covering?
Which imaging modality uses features of nuclear medicine and computed tomography?
Which imaging modality uses features of nuclear medicine and computed tomography?
What is the optimal time to measure nuchal translucency for abnormalities?
What is the optimal time to measure nuchal translucency for abnormalities?
What does the term 'idiopathic' refer to?
What does the term 'idiopathic' refer to?
Which ultrasound parameter is essential for increased visualization of specific structures?
Which ultrasound parameter is essential for increased visualization of specific structures?
Where does fertilization occur in the female reproductive system?
Where does fertilization occur in the female reproductive system?
What do teratogens refer to?
What do teratogens refer to?
What is the function of the yolk sac during fetal development?
What is the function of the yolk sac during fetal development?
What is the ALARA principle in ultrasound imaging?
What is the ALARA principle in ultrasound imaging?
When does cleavage (cell division) occur after fertilization?
When does cleavage (cell division) occur after fertilization?
When is early pregnancy scan, also known as a viability scan, typically done?
When is early pregnancy scan, also known as a viability scan, typically done?
What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?
What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?
What determines fetal presentation by the position of the fetal part closest to the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic sections?
What determines fetal presentation by the position of the fetal part closest to the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic sections?
What is the role of ductus venosus in fetal circulation?
What is the role of ductus venosus in fetal circulation?
What is the function of the foramen ovale in adult life?
What is the function of the foramen ovale in adult life?
What is the characteristic feature of cystic hygroma?
What is the characteristic feature of cystic hygroma?
What is the role of ductus venosus in fetal circulation?
What is the role of ductus venosus in fetal circulation?
Which measurement is a predictor of fetal growth?
Which measurement is a predictor of fetal growth?
What does a transverse view of the brain reveal?
What does a transverse view of the brain reveal?
What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?
What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?
What may be sloughed off during pregnancy as a protective skin covering?
What may be sloughed off during pregnancy as a protective skin covering?
Which embryonic structure is responsible for communication from the yolk sac to the midgut during fetal development?
Which embryonic structure is responsible for communication from the yolk sac to the midgut during fetal development?
What is the function of the pulse-echo technique in ultrasound?
What is the function of the pulse-echo technique in ultrasound?
What does nuchal translucency measure for abnormalities?
What does nuchal translucency measure for abnormalities?
What is the optimal time to measure nuchal translucency for abnormalities?
What is the optimal time to measure nuchal translucency for abnormalities?
What is the term for a common ultrasound finding characterized by renal pelvis and calyx dilation?
What is the term for a common ultrasound finding characterized by renal pelvis and calyx dilation?
What do teratogens refer to in pregnancy?
What do teratogens refer to in pregnancy?
What is the ALARA principle in ultrasound imaging focused on?
What is the ALARA principle in ultrasound imaging focused on?
What is the most susceptible fetal tissue to thermal effects of ultrasound?
What is the most susceptible fetal tissue to thermal effects of ultrasound?
What is the medical term for a pregnancy carried beyond 42 weeks?
What is the medical term for a pregnancy carried beyond 42 weeks?
Which maternal serum test can reveal fetal gender and detect chromosomal anomalies from 9-10 weeks' gestation?
Which maternal serum test can reveal fetal gender and detect chromosomal anomalies from 9-10 weeks' gestation?
What does the abbreviation EFW stand for in obstetrics?
What does the abbreviation EFW stand for in obstetrics?
Which hormone's levels are decreased in cases of abortion, anembryonic pregnancy, and trisomy 13 and 18?
Which hormone's levels are decreased in cases of abortion, anembryonic pregnancy, and trisomy 13 and 18?
What is the function of the foramen ovale in adult life?
What is the function of the foramen ovale in adult life?
What is the characteristic feature of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
What is the characteristic feature of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
What does the abbreviation DM stand for in obstetrics?
What does the abbreviation DM stand for in obstetrics?
What is the function of the vitelline duct during fetal development?
What is the function of the vitelline duct during fetal development?
What is the term used for the conceptus from conception to 10 weeks?
What is the term used for the conceptus from conception to 10 weeks?
What is the term for the syndrome that results in decreased estriol levels?
What is the term for the syndrome that results in decreased estriol levels?
What does the abbreviation AC stand for in obstetrics?
What does the abbreviation AC stand for in obstetrics?
Which screening test includes Triple Test (AFP, hCG, and unconjugated estriol)?
Which screening test includes Triple Test (AFP, hCG, and unconjugated estriol)?
At what gestational age does ovulation occur, releasing a mature ovum from a graafian follicle?
At what gestational age does ovulation occur, releasing a mature ovum from a graafian follicle?
When does cleavage (cell division) occur after fertilization?
When does cleavage (cell division) occur after fertilization?
What is the significance of a large yolk sac in pregnancy?
What is the significance of a large yolk sac in pregnancy?
What is the function of the yolk sac during fetal development?
What is the function of the yolk sac during fetal development?
At what gestational age does implantation occur after fertilization?
At what gestational age does implantation occur after fertilization?
What is the embryonic structure responsible for communication from the yolk sac to the midgut during fetal development?
What is the embryonic structure responsible for communication from the yolk sac to the midgut during fetal development?
What is the term for a maternal blood test usually done between 15-23 weeks, measuring hCG, MSAFP, and estriol?
What is the term for a maternal blood test usually done between 15-23 weeks, measuring hCG, MSAFP, and estriol?
What is the characteristic feature of cystic hygroma?
What is the characteristic feature of cystic hygroma?
What does a transverse view of the brain reveal?
What does a transverse view of the brain reveal?
What is the function of a well-cultivated critical thinker?
What is the function of a well-cultivated critical thinker?
What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?
What is the significance of large yolk sacs in pregnancy?
What technique can help correct ring down artifacts in ultrasound?
What technique can help correct ring down artifacts in ultrasound?
What term describes the space between the leaves of septum pellucidum with an interrupted falx?
What term describes the space between the leaves of septum pellucidum with an interrupted falx?
Which structure functions as a shunt between right and left atria, bypassing the right ventricle in adult life?
Which structure functions as a shunt between right and left atria, bypassing the right ventricle in adult life?
What is the median part of the cerebellum between the hemispheres called?
What is the median part of the cerebellum between the hemispheres called?
What is the three-dimensional measurement that includes cavum septum pellucidum, third ventricle, thalami, and tentorium used for?
What is the three-dimensional measurement that includes cavum septum pellucidum, third ventricle, thalami, and tentorium used for?
What is the one-dimensional measurement used as a long bone of choice for ease of measurement?
What is the one-dimensional measurement used as a long bone of choice for ease of measurement?
Which sonographic term describes the appearance of the fetal spine?
Which sonographic term describes the appearance of the fetal spine?
Which structure forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle of the brain?
Which structure forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle of the brain?
What is the ratio used to determine fetal head shape, with a normal range of 74-84%?
What is the ratio used to determine fetal head shape, with a normal range of 74-84%?
Study Notes
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Maternal serum testing can reveal fetal gender and detect chromosomal anomalies, such as trisomy 21, 18, and 13, and sex chromosome abnormalities from 9-10 weeks' gestation.
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Structural anomalies are not detected through cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and its accuracy decreases for obese patients.
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone, produced by the placenta, can be detected in maternal serum and urine. Its levels are decreased in cases of abortion, anembryonic pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, trisomy 13 and 18, and Turner syndrome. Conversely, it is increased in cases of molar pregnancy and Down syndrome.
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Placenta produces estriol, estrogen, and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A). Estriol levels are decreased in Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and Turner syndrome, while PAPP-A levels are increased in Down syndrome.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) features include microcephaly, dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, long round philtrum, malformed ears, microphthalmia, heart defects (ventricular septal defects-VSD, cleft palate), fetal lie and presentation.
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Fetal presentation is determined by the position of the fetal part closest to the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic sections. Cephalic is clockwise, and breech is anti-clockwise.
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Patients in late second or third trimester may suffer from supine hypotensive syndrome, where the gravid uterus compresses the inferior vena cava, leading to symptoms like tachycardia, sweating, nausea, and pallor.
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Screening tests include Triple Test (AFP, hCG, and unconjugated estriol), Quad Test (AFP, hCG, unconjugated estriol, and inhibin A), Integrated (I-trimester NT, PAPP-A, and II trimester AFP, unconjugated estriol, hCG, and inhibin A), and third-trimester sonogram for fetal presentation and growth evaluation.
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Assessment during third-trimester sonogram includes fetal presentation, gestational age, fetal growth, fetal viability, and placenta characterization.
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Placenta previa should be excluded, and the cervix is evaluated using transvaginal or trans-perineal imaging if there are risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth, short cervix, or history of uterine contractions.
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Fetal growth studies involve serial growth analysis, measuring fetal biparietal diameter, head circumference, femur length, humerus length, and abdominal circumference.
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Uterus, adnexa, and cervix are evaluated to exclude masses that may complicate obstetric management.
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Blastocyst implants within the myometrium by the 28th day, and the chorionic cavity's other name is the extraembryonic coelom.
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Decidualized endometrium forms the base of the placental bed, consisting of decidua basalis, capsularis, and parietalis.
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Chorion includes chorion frondosum, forming the primordial placenta, and chorion laeve, with atrophied villi.
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Vitelline duct connects the embryo to the yolk sac.
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The yolk sac is an embryonic structure responsible for communication from the yolk sac to the midgut during fetal development.
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Developed from the fusion of the yolk stalk and vitelline duct (omphalomesenteric duct) early in gestation.
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Ovulation occurs on Day 14, releasing a mature ovum from a graafian follicle.
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Corpus luteum produces progesterone for implantation.
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Fertilization occurs in the ampullary portion of the tube, starting 24-36 hours after ovulation.
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Cleavage (cell division) happens 24-30 hours after fertilization.
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Implantation occurs 6 days after fertilization.
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From conception to 10 weeks, the conceptus is called an embryo. After 10 weeks, it is referred to as a fetus.
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Ultrasound measurements: 2.2mm-6mm round yolk sac, seen when the mean sac diameter (MSD) is greater than 6mm, or at 5.5 weeks' gestation.
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Functions: provides nutrients to the developing embryo, hematopoiesis, and develops the primitive gut.
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Large yolk sacs are generally associated with poor outcomes.
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Abnormalities or degenerative changes: large (>6mm) or small (<2mm) yolk sacs, irregular shape, calcified yolk sac.
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Blighted ovum or anembryonic pregnancy: absence of an embryo and yolk sac.
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Ectopic pregnancy: all about it with sonographic features.
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Atrium of the lateral ventricle: widest part of the lateral ventricle where body, posterior horn, and temporal horn converge.
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Glomus of the lateral ventricle: not defined in the provided text.
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Ultrasound protocol: patient questions, instructions, positioning, and image acquisition.
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Ultrasound frequency ranges: 3-5 MHz for most pregnant patients, lower frequency for obese patients, and linear transducer for thin patients.
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Ultrasound uses pulse-echo technique: transducer sends wave, listens for echo
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Acoustic window: optimal location for demonstrating normal anatomy and pathology
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Nuclear medicine uses radioactive material for imaging
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CSP: Cavum Septum Pellucidum, rectangular space between leaves of septum pellucidum with interrupted falx
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Cephalic index: ratio of cranium to determine fetal head shape, normal range: 74-84%
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Ductus arteriosus: shunt in fetal circulation connecting main pulmonary artery and descending aorta
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Ductus venosus: shunt in fetal circulation enabling oxygenated blood to bypass liver, becomes ligamentum venosum after birth
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Foramen ovale: shunt between right and left atria, bypasses right ventricle in adult life
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Falx cerebri: sickle-shaped fold of dura mater separating cerebral hemispheres
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Meconium: material in fetal intestines forming first stool
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Railway sign: sonographic term describing fetal spine appearance
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Thalamus: pair of large oval structures forming lateral walls of third ventricle of brain
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Vermis cerebelli: median part of cerebellum between hemispheres
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Biparietal diameter: two-dimensional measurement through widest position of head
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Head circumference: three-dimensional measurement including cavum septum pellucidum, third ventricle, thalami, and tentorium
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Abdominal circumference: three-dimensional measurement, predictor of fetal growth
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Femur length: one-dimensional measurement, long bone of choice for ease of measurement
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Image optimization: reduce output power, place gains to display myometrium hypoechoic, place focal zone below area of interest.
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Ultrasound uses pulse-echo technique: transducer sends wave, listens for echo
-
Acoustic window: optimal location for demonstrating normal anatomy and pathology
-
Nuclear medicine uses radioactive material for imaging
-
CSP: Cavum Septum Pellucidum, rectangular space between leaves of septum pellucidum with interrupted falx
-
Cephalic index: ratio of cranium to determine fetal head shape, normal range: 74-84%
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Ductus arteriosus: shunt in fetal circulation connecting main pulmonary artery and descending aorta
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Ductus venosus: shunt in fetal circulation enabling oxygenated blood to bypass liver, becomes ligamentum venosum after birth
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Foramen ovale: shunt between right and left atria, bypasses right ventricle in adult life
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Falx cerebri: sickle-shaped fold of dura mater separating cerebral hemispheres
-
Meconium: material in fetal intestines forming first stool
-
Railway sign: sonographic term describing fetal spine appearance
-
Thalamus: pair of large oval structures forming lateral walls of third ventricle of brain
-
Vermis cerebelli: median part of cerebellum between hemispheres
-
Biparietal diameter: two-dimensional measurement through widest position of head
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Head circumference: three-dimensional measurement including cavum septum pellucidum, third ventricle, thalami, and tentorium
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Abdominal circumference: three-dimensional measurement, predictor of fetal growth
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Femur length: one-dimensional measurement, long bone of choice for ease of measurement
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Image optimization: reduce output power, place gains to display myometrium hypoechoic, place focal zone below area of interest.
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Description
Test your knowledge of embryonic development and fetal communication with this quiz. Important facts about ovulation, fertilization, and early gestation will be covered.
