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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of embryology?
What is the primary focus of embryology?
- Prenatal development (correct)
- Childbirth techniques
- Postnatal development
- Genetic inheritance
How many distinct periods are there in prenatal development?
How many distinct periods are there in prenatal development?
- Four periods
- Two periods
- Three periods (correct)
- Five periods
During which time span is pregnancy typically divided into three-month intervals?
During which time span is pregnancy typically divided into three-month intervals?
- Neonatal phase
- First trimester only
- Nine months of gestation (correct)
- Postpartum period
What characterizes the periods of prenatal development?
What characterizes the periods of prenatal development?
What is the first period of prenatal development called?
What is the first period of prenatal development called?
What percentage of cases of congenital malformations result from chromosomal abnormalities due to disturbances in meiosis during fertilization?
What percentage of cases of congenital malformations result from chromosomal abnormalities due to disturbances in meiosis during fertilization?
Which chromosomal abnormality is cited as an example of a condition resulting from disturbances during meiosis?
Which chromosomal abnormality is cited as an example of a condition resulting from disturbances during meiosis?
What specific chromosomal abnormality is associated with Down syndrome?
What specific chromosomal abnormality is associated with Down syndrome?
What is the relationship between disturbances in meiosis and congenital malformations?
What is the relationship between disturbances in meiosis and congenital malformations?
In which stage of reproduction do disturbances leading to conditions like Down syndrome occur?
In which stage of reproduction do disturbances leading to conditions like Down syndrome occur?
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Study Notes
Embryology and Prenatal Development
- Embryology focuses on the study of prenatal development.
- Prenatal development starts at pregnancy conception and concludes at childbirth.
- The average gestation period lasts for approximately 9 months.
Trimesters
- Gestation is typically divided into three trimesters, each lasting about three months.
Periods of Prenatal Development
- Prenatal development is categorized into three distinct periods:
- Preimplantation Period: Initial stage after fertilization leading up to implantation in the uterine wall.
- Embryonic Period: Occurs from the end of the preimplantation period until about 8 weeks, where major organs and structures begin to form.
- Fetal Period: Extends from the end of the embryonic period until birth, featuring growth and maturation of the body systems.
Meiosis and Congenital Malformations
- Disturbances during meiosis can lead to significant congenital malformations in approximately 10% of fertilization cases.
- Congenital malformations result from chromosomal abnormalities stemming from errors in meiotic division.
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
- Down syndrome is characterized by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, known as trisomy 21.
- This chromosomal abnormality occurs due to improper separation of chromosomes during meiosis.
- Individuals with Down syndrome may exhibit various developmental and physical challenges.
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