Embryologie - Première Année Médecine

Embryologie - Première Année Médecine

• Organes génitaux masculins: The testes are composed of interstitial and exocrine compartments, Leydig cells and highly active spermatozoa.
• Exocrine compartment of testis: This is made up of Sertoli cells, germ cells, and the lamina propria. It does not contain myoid cells.
• Epididymis: Composed of a head, body, and tail.
• Menstrual cycle: Consists of a proliferative phase followed by a secretory phase. This is not necessarily an oestrogen or progesterone phase in each stage, but one occurs after the other.
• Fallopian tubes: Have a funnel-like opening (infundibulum) close to the ovary, along with a section called the isthmus. They are made up of glandular and hormonal cells.
• Cumulo-oocyte complex: Contains oocytes, corona radiata, and granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus).
• Gametogenesis: Is a process that creates highly specialized cells; creating gametes. There are two types of gametogenesis.
• Spermatozoa capacitation: A physiological modification that leads to the acrosome reaction, preparing them for fertilization. This completes the physiological maturation process and is the final step before fertilization.
• Segmentation: A series of cell divisions resulting in a morula, which occurs inside the zona pellucida.
• Blastocyst: Possesses a blastocoele (fluid-filled cavity) and an inner cell mass (embryoblast), as well as an outer layer or trophoblast.
• Second week of development: Includes the formation of the hypoblast, amniotic cavity, and an ectoblast.
• Third week: Characterized by the formation of three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm). A notochord, which is an axial skeleton, is also formed during this step.
• Formation of neural tube: Occurs through a process that involves becoming a plate, converting into a groove, and forming a tube shape.
• Dizygotic twins (fraternal twins): Develop from two separate eggs and sperm, each developing their own placenta and chorion.