Embedded Systems Lesson 1

Questions and Answers

Which type of microcontroller is primarily used in control applications like electric motor speed control?

Eight bit microcontrollers (correct)

Four bit microcontrollers

Sixteen bit microcontrollers

Thirty two bit microcontrollers

What is the primary function of the Phase Locked Loop (PLL) circuit?

To control RAM and ROM access

To facilitate serial data transfer

To enable synchronous communication (correct)

To program microcontrollers in high-level language

Which type of microcontroller is best suited for tasks requiring high-speed intelligent control systems?

Eight bit microcontrollers

Thirty two bit microcontrollers (correct)

Sixteen bit microcontrollers

Four bit microcontrollers

What type of microcontroller is commonly used in electronic toys and portable battery chargers?

Four bit microcontrollers Signup and view all the answers

Which microcontroller type allows programming in both high-level and assembly level languages?

Sixteen bit microcontrollers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Bus Interface Unit (BIU)?

Transmits addresses of instructions and data Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the processor is responsible for decoding and executing instructions?

Execution Unit (EU) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using microprocessors for embedded systems?

They allow for easy system development Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is built into microcontrollers for handling program hangs?

Watchdog Timers (WDT) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Execution Unit (EU) NOT do?

Generates address for memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT typically included in a microcontroller?

External clock generator Signup and view all the answers

Which consideration is NOT part of processor selection?

Audio processing capabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) in microcontrollers?

Transmute signals from external sources into digital format Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the real-time operating system (RTOS) in an embedded system?

To supervise execution and manage task priorities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes small scale embedded systems?

They typically use eight or sixteen bit microcontrollers and may be battery-operated. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sophisticated embedded systems from others?

They require hardware and software co-design and advanced components like IP cores. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of an embedded system performs concurrent tasks and processes?

Main application software Signup and view all the answers

What type of programming tools are commonly used for medium scale embedded systems?

Object-oriented programming tools and simulators Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the hardware components in embedded systems?

They are similar to computer hardware but do not need secondary memory. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about memory in small scale embedded systems is correct?

The memory capacity should be sufficient for software storage. Signup and view all the answers

What type of protocols might sophisticated embedded systems implement?

HTTP or FTP for hardware communication Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial characteristic of embedded systems compared to PC applications?

They must meet numerous constraints. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a non-functional requirement of embedded systems?

Real-time operation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) in a microprocessor?

It performs mathematical computations and logical decisions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes machine language?

It consists of binary numbers that the microprocessor can directly execute. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a microprocessor is responsible for controlling other parts by providing control signals?

Control Unit (CU) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is essential for real-time systems in embedded applications?

Data must be completed after a set deadline. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes assembly language?

It is a collection of machine language instructions written using mnemonics. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge when designing embedded systems?

They often have limited observability and controllability. Signup and view all the answers

What primary technology is used to manufacture microprocessors?

Integrated Circuit technology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes multirate processing in embedded applications?

Simultaneously managing multiple real-time activities at different rates. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Small-Scale Integration (SSI)?

Fabrication of logic gates Signup and view all the answers

Which type of integration is used for fabricating hundreds of logic gates?

Medium-Scale Integration (MSI) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) from other types?

It is designed with more than ten thousand gates. Signup and view all the answers

Which microprocessor was the first to utilize Large-Scale Integration (LSI) technology?

Intel 4004 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum execution rate of the Intel 8080 microprocessor?

500 KIPS Signup and view all the answers

Which microprocessor introduced an instruction queue to improve execution speed?

Intel 8086 Signup and view all the answers

What type of microprocessor aims to decrease execution time through a Reduced Instruction Set?

Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) Signup and view all the answers

Which bit architecture is associated with the Intel 8085 microprocessor?

8-bit Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum addressing capability of the Intel 8086 microprocessor?

1 Megabyte Signup and view all the answers

Which microprocessor had the highest instruction execution rate in the early Intel series?

Intel 8085 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Embedded Systems Overview

Embedded systems combine computer hardware and dedicated software for specific applications.
Typically consist of a microprocessor or microcontroller along with input/output devices.
Designed for specific tasks rather than general-purpose computing.

Components of Embedded Systems

Hardware Components: Similar to standard computer hardware, typically without secondary memory.
Main Application Software: Embedded software that performs various tasks concurrently.
Real-Time Operating System (RTOS): Manages application execution and task prioritization within embedded systems.

Categories of Embedded Systems

Small Scale Embedded Systems:
- Utilize 8 or 16-bit microcontrollers; often battery-powered.
- Software tools include editors, assemblers, and cross assemblers.
Medium Scale Embedded Systems:
- Employ 16 or 32-bit microcontrollers; can include single-purpose processors.
- Hardware and software complexity increase, utilizing modern programming tools.
Sophisticated Embedded Systems:
- Require Intellectual Property (IP) cores and scalable processors.
- Implement complex functions like HTTP, FTP, and Bluetooth protocols.

Requirements of Embedded Systems

Must fulfill stringent performance and functional requirements.
Functional Requirements: Include proper hardware selection, minimal power consumption, and complex testing methods.
Non-Functional Requirements: Cover performance, cost, physical size, weight, and power consumption.

Embedded Processors

Serve as programmable logic devices capable of executing programs.
Operate on binary language (0 or 1); simplified through mnemonics into assembly language.
Microprocessors are fabricated using Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) technology.

Integrated Circuit Technology

Small-Scale Integration (SSI): Less than 100 components for basic logic gates.
Medium-Scale Integration (MSI): 100-1000 gates; used for complex logic functions.
Large-Scale Integration (LSI): 1,000-10,000 gates, exemplified by the INTEL 4004.
Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI): More than 10,000 gates; used in INTEL 8085.
Super Large-Scale Integration (SLSI): Over a million gates for advanced processors.

Historical Progression of Microprocessors

INTEL 4004: Released in 1971; 4-bit microprocessor with 45 instructions and 50 KIPS execution rate.
INTEL 8008: Introduced in 1972; first 8-bit microprocessor, could address 16KB memory.
INTEL 8080: Released in 1973; 500 KIPS execution rate with 64KB memory.
INTEL 8085: Improved version with 769.23 KIPS rate and own clock generator.
INTEL 8086/8088: 16-bit processors that could address 1MB memory, known for their speed due to instruction queue.

Microprocessor Functional Units

Bus Interface Unit (BIU): Manages instruction fetching, data transmission, and memory access.
Execution Unit (EU): Responsible for decoding and executing instructions utilizing the ALU.

Advantages of Microprocessors in Embedded Systems

Simplifies system development with available I/O interfacing.
Access to compiler facilities and pre-tested APIs for application programming.

Microcontrollers

General-purpose microprocessors with integrated RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers.
Built to handle specific control tasks, limited calculations store the program in ROM.

Types of Microcontrollers

4-bit Microcontrollers: Low-cost; used in toys and simple displays.
8-bit Microcontrollers: Most common; suited for control applications.
16-bit Microcontrollers: Versatile; used in devices like printers and scanners.
32-bit Microcontrollers: Used in high-speed control systems and image processing applications.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of embedded systems in this quiz. Learn about the hardware components, such as microprocessors and microcontrollers, and how they integrate with dedicated software for specific applications. Understand the unique characteristics that differentiate embedded systems from general-purpose systems.