Embedded Systems Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of an embedded system?

  • It is a software-based system with a separate CPU, RAM, and ROM
  • It is a general-purpose system
  • It is a hardware-based system with multiple microprocessors
  • It is a microcontroller-based system designed to perform a specific task (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of an embedded system?

  • Memory
  • Monitor (correct)
  • Sensor
  • Microcontroller

    • What is the primary difference between an embedded system and a personal computer?

  • Embedded systems are microcontroller-based, while PCs are microprocessor-based (correct)
  • Embedded systems are faster than PCs
  • Embedded systems are used for specific tasks, while PCs are used for general purposes
  • Embedded systems are smaller in size

    • What is the function of a microcontroller in an embedded system?

    <p>To control all the operations required from it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an application of embedded systems?

    <p>Medical equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of instructions is used to move information to and from memory and processor registers?

    <p>Instructions for moving information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a system whose components depend on each other?

    <p>System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an embedded system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the direct addressing mode, what is specified in the instruction?

    <p>The address of the operand in memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the indirect addressing mode, what is the address field of an instruction?

    <p>The address of a memory location that contains the address of the operand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the address specified in the instruction in the register addressing mode?

    <p>The address of a register</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the base pointer register (BP) in the relative addressing mode?

    <p>It is used to calculate the address of the operand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of the offset (n) in the relative addressing mode?

    <p>-128 to +127</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the simplest way to organize a computer, according to the content?

    <p>To have one processor register (Accumulator: AC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pseudo-op directive used to allocate storage in the data segment?

    <p>define</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ORG pseudo-op directive?

    <p>To specify the offset address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of compiling a program instruction?

    <p>A machine instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the op code field in an instruction?

    <p>To specify the operation to be performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implied addressing mode?

    <p>Specifying the address implicitly in the instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the mode field in an instruction?

    <p>To specify the way the operand or effective address is determined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate addressing mode?

    <p>Specifying the operand itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Program Counter (PC) register?

    <p>To calculate and hold the address of the next instruction to be read from memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following registers is used to store the address of the operand?

    <p>Address Register (AR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of Interrupt I/O over Programmed I/O?

    <p>More efficient use of CPU time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interrupt is generated by an error condition such as divide by zero?

    <p>Software interrupt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Accumulator Register (AC)?

    <p>To hold one of the operands and to store the result</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of DMA (Direct Memory Access)?

    <p>To transfer data between I/O devices and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Embedded Systems

    • An embedded system (ES) is a computer hardware system having software embedded in it, consisting of components such as CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O Ports, and Timers.
    • ES is a microcontroller-based system designed to perform a specific task, and can be an independent system or part of a large system.
    • Examples of ES applications: medical equipment, home devices, automobiles, industrial control, traffic lights, and mobile phones.

    Components of Embedded System

    • Sensor
    • Microcontroller (the most important part of ES, controls all operations)
    • Memory
    • Actuator (motor)

    Microcontroller vs. Microprocessor

    • Microcontroller-based system: special purpose, designed for a specific task
    • Microprocessor-based system: general purpose, used in personal computers

    Instruction Categories

    • Arithmetic, logic, and shift instructions (e.g., INC, DEC, ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV, AND, OR, XOR, SHR, SHL)
    • Instructions for moving information to and from memory and processor registers (e.g., MOV, LDA, STA, PUSH, POP)
    • Control instructions (e.g., JMP, JZ, JNZ, SKI, SKO, CALL, RET)
    • Input/Output (I/O) instructions (e.g., INP, OUT)

    Instruction Code Format

    • Mode field: specifies the way the operand or the effective address is determined
    • Op code field: specifies the operation (e.g., add, sub, mul, shift, complement)
    • Address field: specifies the addresses of processor registers or memory words

    Addressing Modes

    • Implied addressing mode: address of the operands are specified implicitly in the instruction
    • Immediate addressing mode: operand itself is specified instead of the address
    • Direct addressing mode: instruction specifies the memory address which can be used directly
    • Indirect addressing mode: address field of an instruction specifies the address of a memory location that contains the address of the operand
    • Register addressing mode: address specified in the instruction is the register address
    • Register indirect addressing mode: instruction specifies a register which contains the memory address of the operand
    • Relative addressing mode: address field of an instruction specifies the part of the address which can be used along with a designated base pointer register to calculate the address of the operand

    General Registers

    • Program Counter (PC): calculates and holds the address of the next instruction
    • Instruction Register (IR): stores the instruction code after it is read from memory
    • Address Register (AR): stores the address of the operand
    • Data Register (DR): holds the operand which is read from memory
    • Accumulator Register (AC): holds one of the operands and stores the result
    • Temporary Register (TR): holds temporary data during processing
    • Input Register (INPR): receives an 8-bit character from an input device
    • Output Register (OUTR): holds an 8-bit character for an output device

    Modes of Transfer

    • Programmed I/O: computer checks the status of I/O devices, wasting time
    • Interrupt I/O: program interrupt refers to transfer of program control from running program to another service program as a result of an external or internal generated request
    • DMA (Direct Memory Access)

    Interrupts

    • Hardware interrupts: come from I/O devices, timing device, power supply, etc.
    • Software interrupts: come from error conditions such as register overflow, divide by zero, stack overflow, etc., and from call instruction.

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    Description

    Learn about the basics of embedded systems, their components, and applications. Embedded systems are designed to perform specific tasks and can be found in various devices.

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