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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of an embedded system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of an embedded system?
What is the primary difference between an embedded system and a personal computer?
What is the function of a microcontroller in an embedded system?
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Which of the following is an application of embedded systems?
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What type of instructions is used to move information to and from memory and processor registers?
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What is the term for a system whose components depend on each other?
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What is an example of an embedded system?
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In the direct addressing mode, what is specified in the instruction?
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In the indirect addressing mode, what is the address field of an instruction?
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What is the address specified in the instruction in the register addressing mode?
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What is the role of the base pointer register (BP) in the relative addressing mode?
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What is the range of the offset (n) in the relative addressing mode?
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What is the simplest way to organize a computer, according to the content?
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What is the main pseudo-op directive used to allocate storage in the data segment?
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What is the purpose of the ORG pseudo-op directive?
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What is the result of compiling a program instruction?
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What is the purpose of the op code field in an instruction?
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What is the implied addressing mode?
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What is the purpose of the mode field in an instruction?
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What is the immediate addressing mode?
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What is the primary function of the Program Counter (PC) register?
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Which of the following registers is used to store the address of the operand?
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What is the main advantage of Interrupt I/O over Programmed I/O?
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Which type of interrupt is generated by an error condition such as divide by zero?
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What is the primary function of the Accumulator Register (AC)?
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What is the primary purpose of DMA (Direct Memory Access)?
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Study Notes
Embedded Systems
- An embedded system (ES) is a computer hardware system having software embedded in it, consisting of components such as CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O Ports, and Timers.
- ES is a microcontroller-based system designed to perform a specific task, and can be an independent system or part of a large system.
- Examples of ES applications: medical equipment, home devices, automobiles, industrial control, traffic lights, and mobile phones.
Components of Embedded System
- Sensor
- Microcontroller (the most important part of ES, controls all operations)
- Memory
- Actuator (motor)
Microcontroller vs. Microprocessor
- Microcontroller-based system: special purpose, designed for a specific task
- Microprocessor-based system: general purpose, used in personal computers
Instruction Categories
- Arithmetic, logic, and shift instructions (e.g., INC, DEC, ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV, AND, OR, XOR, SHR, SHL)
- Instructions for moving information to and from memory and processor registers (e.g., MOV, LDA, STA, PUSH, POP)
- Control instructions (e.g., JMP, JZ, JNZ, SKI, SKO, CALL, RET)
- Input/Output (I/O) instructions (e.g., INP, OUT)
Instruction Code Format
- Mode field: specifies the way the operand or the effective address is determined
- Op code field: specifies the operation (e.g., add, sub, mul, shift, complement)
- Address field: specifies the addresses of processor registers or memory words
Addressing Modes
- Implied addressing mode: address of the operands are specified implicitly in the instruction
- Immediate addressing mode: operand itself is specified instead of the address
- Direct addressing mode: instruction specifies the memory address which can be used directly
- Indirect addressing mode: address field of an instruction specifies the address of a memory location that contains the address of the operand
- Register addressing mode: address specified in the instruction is the register address
- Register indirect addressing mode: instruction specifies a register which contains the memory address of the operand
- Relative addressing mode: address field of an instruction specifies the part of the address which can be used along with a designated base pointer register to calculate the address of the operand
General Registers
- Program Counter (PC): calculates and holds the address of the next instruction
- Instruction Register (IR): stores the instruction code after it is read from memory
- Address Register (AR): stores the address of the operand
- Data Register (DR): holds the operand which is read from memory
- Accumulator Register (AC): holds one of the operands and stores the result
- Temporary Register (TR): holds temporary data during processing
- Input Register (INPR): receives an 8-bit character from an input device
- Output Register (OUTR): holds an 8-bit character for an output device
Modes of Transfer
- Programmed I/O: computer checks the status of I/O devices, wasting time
- Interrupt I/O: program interrupt refers to transfer of program control from running program to another service program as a result of an external or internal generated request
- DMA (Direct Memory Access)
Interrupts
- Hardware interrupts: come from I/O devices, timing device, power supply, etc.
- Software interrupts: come from error conditions such as register overflow, divide by zero, stack overflow, etc., and from call instruction.
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Description
Learn about the basics of embedded systems, their components, and applications. Embedded systems are designed to perform specific tasks and can be found in various devices.
