Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is grammaticalization primarily concerned with?
What is grammaticalization primarily concerned with?
- The transformation of nouns and verbs into grammatical markers (correct)
- The generation of new sounds in spoken language
- The creation of content words from function words
- The evolution of slang in modern language
Which of the following is an example of phonetic erosion?
Which of the following is an example of phonetic erosion?
- Using 'will' as 'wanna'
- Referring to 'going to' as 'gonna'
- Saying 'they will' as 'they'll'
- All of the above (correct)
What is the primary goal of positive feedback in a classroom?
What is the primary goal of positive feedback in a classroom?
- To ensure students repeat their mistakes
- To encourage and affirm students' successful responses (correct)
- To provide detailed evaluations of student performance
- To correct students' grammar errors
Which strategy is an example of indirect feedback?
Which strategy is an example of indirect feedback?
What is the purpose of grammatical assessment in language teaching?
What is the purpose of grammatical assessment in language teaching?
What does the term 'grammar' originate from?
What does the term 'grammar' originate from?
Which definition of grammar is described as a set of prescriptions and proscriptions?
Which definition of grammar is described as a set of prescriptions and proscriptions?
Which of the following types of grammar focuses on how language is actually used by speakers?
Which of the following types of grammar focuses on how language is actually used by speakers?
What aspect of grammar is defined by Chomsky as the tacit knowledge of native speakers?
What aspect of grammar is defined by Chomsky as the tacit knowledge of native speakers?
Which of the following is NOT a type of grammar listed?
Which of the following is NOT a type of grammar listed?
What is the primary aim of descriptive grammar?
What is the primary aim of descriptive grammar?
Which philosopher contributed to the early theory of grammar as part of rhetoric?
Which philosopher contributed to the early theory of grammar as part of rhetoric?
How does pedagogical grammar primarily differ from reference grammar?
How does pedagogical grammar primarily differ from reference grammar?
What does a prescriptivist view of language emphasize?
What does a prescriptivist view of language emphasize?
What is a key characteristic of descriptive grammar?
What is a key characteristic of descriptive grammar?
What argument did Larsen-Freeman make regarding grammar?
What argument did Larsen-Freeman make regarding grammar?
Which of the following sentences would be deemed grammatically incorrect in a prescriptivist framework?
Which of the following sentences would be deemed grammatically incorrect in a prescriptivist framework?
What aspect does Bacus et al. emphasize about grammar?
What aspect does Bacus et al. emphasize about grammar?
According to the concept of grammaticalization, which process is involved?
According to the concept of grammaticalization, which process is involved?
In the context of language teaching, what aspect should future English teachers focus on?
In the context of language teaching, what aspect should future English teachers focus on?
What term did Larsen-Freeman use to describe the ability to use grammar effectively?
What term did Larsen-Freeman use to describe the ability to use grammar effectively?
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Study Notes
Grammar and Grammaring
- Origin of "grammar" derives from the Greek term grammatikē technē, meaning "art of letters."
- Aristotle defined grammar as the science of writing and reading; he and Plato contributed to the theory of parts of speech.
- In Chomskyan tradition, grammar is about grammatical competence, the inherent knowledge native speakers have of their language.
- Merriam-Webster characterizes grammar as the study of word classes, their inflections, and their roles in sentences.
- Grammar can have multiple interpretations:
- Mental grammar (internal knowledge)
- Prescriptive grammar (rules for language use)
- Descriptive grammar (actual language usage)
- Linguistic grammar (framework of linguistic theories)
- Reference grammar (structures of a language)
- Pedagogical grammar (rules for instructional purposes)
- Teacher's grammar (detailed instructional rules for educators).
Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Grammar
- Descriptive grammar observes and describes language as it is used by speakers, without judgments on correctness.
- Examples like "Him and me, we are neighbors" illustrate how language can vary according to speaker norms.
- Prescriptive grammar mandates how language should be used, emphasizing standard forms and correct structures.
- A prescriptive stance deems constructions like "Him and me, we are neighbors" as incorrect due to grammatical rules.
- Effective grammar teaching should incorporate form, meaning, and contextual usage to develop students’ grammatical awareness.
- Grammar instruction should consider cultural and social variables influencing language production and understanding.
- Grammar ability demands accuracy, meaningfulness, and appropriate usage.
Grammaring
- Larsen-Freeman presents "grammaring" as a skill akin to listening, speaking, reading, and writing, emphasizing active and progressive grammar use.
- Grammar is conceptualized beyond memorization; it is seen as a skill to be developed.
Grammaticalizing/Grammaticalization
- Grammaticalization, introduced by Antoine Meillet, describes how words evolve from content (nouns and verbs) to grammatical markers (affixes, prepositions).
- Functions of language also transform; words like "like" and "hopefully" shift from content to grammatical connector roles.
- Phonetic reduction occurs during grammaticalization, exemplified by contractions such as "it'll" for "it will," "gonna" for "going to," and "wanna" for "want to."
Error Correction vs. Feedback
- Positive feedback recognizes correct student responses, leading to further development.
- Negative feedback (error correction) addresses and fixes student errors.
- Indirect strategies for feedback include recasting and clarification requests, while direct strategies provide explicit corrections.
Spoken vs. Written Grammar
- Differences exist in grammar use between spoken and written language, affecting instructional methods.
Grammatical Assessment
- Grammar assessment is crucial for gauging student proficiency and identifying strengths and weaknesses.
- It guides educators in determining future curriculum focus based on students' grammatical capabilities.
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