ELEX 132 - Basic Electronics

• This module covers ELEX 132- Basic Electronics at the Technological University of the Philippines Visayas.
• The module has been compiled by Domingo Eraldo Lapore in 2021

Vision

• Technological University of the Philippines should be the premier state university
• It should have excellence in engineering and technology and be at par with the leading universities in the ASEAN region

Mission

• The university aims to provide advanced vocational, technical, industrial, technological, and professional education and training.
• Industries and technologies will be covered
• Practical arts leading to certificates, diplomas, and degrees will be provided
• Leadership in applied research and developmental studies in technical, industrial, and technological fields will be progressively provided
• Technological studies should use indigenous materials
• It should effect technology transfer in the countryside
• The university should assist in the development of small-and-medium scale industries in identified growth centers, referencing P.D. No. 1518, Section 2.

Quality Policy

• The Technological University of the Philippines commits to providing quality higher and advanced technological education to improve the value to their customers.
• This will be achieved by:
  • Conducting relevant research and extension projects.
  • Continually improve its value to customers through enhancement of personnel competence
  • A quality management system should be effective and compliant to statutory and regulatory requirements
  • Adhere to its core values.

Core Values

• T - Transparent and participatory governance
• U - Unity in the pursuit of TUP mission, goals, and objectives
• P - Professionalism in the discharge of quality service
• I - Integrity and commitment to maintain the good name of the University
• A - Accountability for individual and organizational quality performance
• N - Nationalism through tangible contribution to the rapid economic growth of the country
• S - Shared responsibility, hard work, and resourcefulness in compliance to the mandates of the university

Course Description

• The subject deals with the concepts of a Basic Electronic Device and its operational circuit characteristics
• It looks at their application to AC-DC power sources

Course Outcomes

• Describe the function of basic electronic devices and oscilloscope
• Compute the electrical variables in basic electronic circuits.
• Perform experiments by connecting basic electronic devices with measuring devices.
• Construct basic electronic circuitry using basic electronic devices.

General Guidelines/Class Rules

• Make-up exams and quizzes are only given with prior approval from the instructor and under exceptional circumstances
• Students must comply with the university policy for excused absences
• Students are not allowed to leave the classroom after the class starts, unless extremely necessary, and will be marked absent if they do so without a valid reason
• Students must comply with the university rules on dress code, class tardiness, and attendance
• Cell phones or any e-gadgets must be switched off or put in silent mode during class hours unless the instructor allows their use
• Homework or projects submitted later than the two-week allowance will not be accepted and students are expected to maintain honesty and integrity
• Acts of academic dishonesty, such as cheating or plagiarism, will not be tolerated and will result in failure of the affected assignments and/or failure of the class

Grading System

• Evaluation of the level of performance is based on the learning evidences and the grading criteria
• Term Percentage Distribution:
  • 30% Prelim (Week No. 1 - No. 5), allotted lecture week: 4 weeks
  • 30% Midterm (Week No. 6 - Week No. 9)
  • 40% Finals (Week No. 10 - Week No. 14), allotted lecture week: 4 weeks
• Assessments may be given within the prescribed allotted week as part of the grade
• Assessments can be in the form of quizzes, seatwork/assignments/board work, projects, or practical activity
• Percentage distribution depends on what assessments are given for the week, and should be equivalent to 100%
• Students will be graded by examination average (50%) and assessment average (50%).
  • Prelim Grade: [(Prelim Exam x 0.50) + (Assessment x 0.50)]
  • Midterm Grade: [(Midterm Exam x 0.50) + (Assessment x 0.50)]
  • End term Grade: [(Final Exam x 0.50) + (Assessment x 0.50)]
  • Final Grade: (Prelim Grade x 0.30) + (Mid-Term Grade x 0.30 + (End Term Grade x 0.40)
• The passing grade for this course is 5.0

Learning Guide Week 1: General Electronics Symbols

• Topic/s:
  • American Standard Electronics Symbols
  • European Standard Electronics Symbols
• Expected Competencies:
• Should be able to identify the electronic symbols that represent a component
• Should be able to read and understand the use and function in the operations of the circuit
• Standards for Symbols:
• Graphic symbols for electrical components covered by national and international standards
• National and international standards include:
  • IEC 60617 (also known as British Standard BS 3939)
  • IEC 61131-3 – for ladder-logic symbols
  • JIC (Joint Industrial Council) symbols as approved and adopted by the NMTBA (National Machine Tool Builders Association)
  • ANSI Y32.2-1975 (also known as IEEE Std 315-1975[1] or CSA Z99-1975)
  • IEEE Std 91/91a: graphic symbols for logic functions (used in digital electronics)
  • Australian Standard AS 1102 (based on a slightly modified version of IEC 60617; withdrawn without replacement with a recommendation to use IEC 60617)
• Symbols include: traces, grounds, sources, resistors, thermistor/varistor, capacitors, diodes, schottky diode, zener diode, light-emitting diode (LED), photodiode, tunnel diode, varicap, Shockley diode, silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), constant-current diode, diac, inductors, transformers
• Transistors include: unipolar, N-channel junction gate field-effect transistor (JFET), P-channel junction gate field-effect transistor (JFET), metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), enhancement mode, N-channel MOSFET, and enhancement mode, P-channel MOSFET
• Bipolar transistors can also have circles
• Transistors include: NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT), PNP bipolar junction transistor (BJT), NPN Darlington transistor and PNP Darlington transistor
• Vacuum tubes come in the form of: vacuum tube diode, vacuum tube triode, vacuum tube tetrode, and vacuum tube pentode
• Switches include: Switch, single-pole/single-throw (SPST), Switch, single-pole/double-throw (SPDT), and Switch, double-pole/double-throw (DPDT)
• Also: Pushbutton, momentary or Spring-Return, make (IEEE Std 315), Pushbutton, momentary or spring-return, break (IEEE Std 315), and Pushbutton, momentary or spring-return, two-circuit (IEEE Std 315)
• Relays include: American-style relays (SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT), IEC relay symbol, SPDT
• Other electronics: Lamps, indicating lamp, incandescent lamp, incandescent light bulb, neon lamp
• Light bulbs, current limiters, IEC fuse, moulded-case circuit breaker (MCCB), fuse, electro-acoustic devices, IEC-style microphone, microphone, buzzer, loudspeaker
• Antennas: IEC-style antenna and IEC-style dipole antenna
• IEC-style loop antenna, loop antenna, connectors, phone jacks, ICS
• Logic gates, operational amplifier (opamp) or comparator, miscellaneous devices, crystal oscillator, hall-effect sensor, historical electronic symbols and capacitors (historical)
• American Standard Electronic Symbols include: rectifier, transistor, semiconductor diode, full wave, silicon-controlled rectifier, resistor, potentiometer, thermistor, transformer, with magnetic (iron) core, antenna, cell, diode, semiconductor, electron tube, fuse, tunnel
• There are two different tunnel options: magnetic (iron) core, zener, ground, headset
• General graphic symbols are used on schematic-type electricity and electronics diagrams, adapted from the American National Standards Institute Publication

Rules for Drafting Symbols

• Position does not affect meaning
• Line weight does not affect meaning
• Symbols may be drawn in any size suitable for the diagram
• Some symbols may be drawn smaller or larger for contrast
• Connecting lines should be vertical or horizontal to a symbol
• Arrowheads may be open or closed unless noted
• Standard terminal symbols may be addended to any symbol

Numerical Values of Components

• Details of the type, rating, or value are placed adjacent to the component on the diagram
• All resistors are expressed in ohms unless indicated otherwise
• All capacitors are expressed in microfarads unless indicated otherwise

Progress Check

• State the five rules for drawing symbols

Learning Guide Week 2: General Purpose Oscilloscope

• Topic/s:
  • Conventional stages of an oscilloscope and its functions.
  • Essential parts of a general-purpose Oscilloscope.
  • Electrical variables measurement using Oscilloscope.
• Expected Competencies:
  • Know the basic parts and their function of Oscilloscope.
  • Be able to read and solve the Oscilloscope display: the waveform, period, voltage, and frequency.

Content/Technical Information

• Oscilloscope: A versatile piece of test equipment used to provide a visual representation of a waveform via an electron beam striking the fluorescent screen of a cathode-ray tube.
• An Oscilloscope can provide the following information about an electronic circuit:
  • The frequency of a signal.
  • The duration of a signal.
  • The phase relationship between signal waveforms.
  • The shape of a signal's waveform.
  • The amplitude of a signal.

Basic Parts of an Oscilloscope

• Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT): A beam of electrons emitted by a heated cathode and accelerated towards the fluorescent screen.
• Sweep Generator: Provides a sawtooth waveform as input to the horizontal deflection amplifier.
• Horizontal and Vertical Deflection Amplifiers: Increase the amplitude of the input voltage to the proper level for deflection of the electron beam in the cathode- ray tube.
• Power supply: Provides DC voltage to operate the amplifiers and cathode- ray tube.

Cathode-Ray Tube Oscilloscope (CRO) Operation

• Signal is amplified by the vertical amplifier and applied to the vertical deflection plates of the CRT
• A portion of the signal will be applied to the sweep trigger as a triggering signal.
• Sweep trigger- generates a pulse coincident with a selected point in the cycle of the triggering signal
• Pulse turns on the sweep generator, initiating the sawtooth wave form
• Sawtooth wave is amplified by the horizontal amplifier and applied to the horizontal deflection plates.

Cathode-Ray Tube Oscilloscope (CRO) Controls

• Controls on most oscilloscopes provide a wide range of operating conditions
• Cathode-Ray Tube:
  • Power and Scale Illumination: Turns instrument on and controls illumination of the graticule
  • Focus: Focus the spot or trace on the screen
  • Intensity: Regulates the brightness of the spot or trace
• Vertical Amplifier Section
  • Position: Controls vertical positioning of oscilloscope display
  • Sensitivity: Selects the sensitivity of the vertical amplifier in calibrated steps
  • Variable Sensitivity: Provides a continuous range of sensitivities between the calibrated steps
  • AC-DC-GND: Selects desired coupling (ac or dc) for incoming signal
• Horizontal-Sweep Section
  • Sweep time/cm: Selects desired sweep rate from calibrated steps or admits external signal
  • Sweep time/cm Variable: Provides continuously variable sweep rates
  • Position: Controls horizontal position of trace on the screen
• Horizontal Variable: Controls the attenuation (reduction) of signal
• Trigger
  • Trigger selects the timing of the beginning of the horizontal sweep
  • Slope: selects whether triggering occurs on an increasing (+) or decreasing (-) portion of trigger signal
  • The selection of triggering occurs at a specific dc or ac level or at 60cycle trigger
  • Coupling: select de or ac level coupling
• Source: select the source of the triggering signal:
  • INT (internal) - from signal on vertical amplifier
  • EXT-(external) - from an external signal inserted at the EXT. TRIG. INPUT
  • LINE - 60 cycle trigger

Connections for the Oscilloscope

• Vertical Input: Pair of jacks connecting the signal to the Y (or vertical) amplifier
• Horizontal Input: A pair of jacks connecting an external signal to the horizontal amplifier
• External Trigger Input: Input connector for external trigger signal
• Cal. Out: Provides amplitude calibration for calibrating gain of the amplifiers

Operating Instructions

• Turn off and set all perimeters listed, plug into a wall receptacle (118 V)
• Leave to warm up for 2 minutes
• Never turn the intensity so far that an excessively bright sport appears (burning the screen)

Measurements to Consider

• a circuit that produces a 1000 hertz sine wave and connects a signal to the AC voltmeter leads on vertical input of the Oscilloscope
• Size of the voltage signal is done by an AC (Alternating Current)
• It is designed to read the dc "effective value" of the voltage which is the "Root Mean Square value" (RMS)
• RMS = 0.707 Vm

Frequency Measurements

• Measure voltage while Horizontal sweep voltage is applied If Horizontal sweep is applied, frequency is the reciprocal of periods

Lissajous Figures

• When Sine-wave signals of different frequencies are input to horizontal amplifiers, a pattern forms on the CRT if ratios of frequencies are integral fractions of each other.

• Lissajous can be used for comparison of frequencies but it is hard to maintain due to phase drift and frequencies

• Cathode- ray Tube consists of three parts: -Phosphor screen emits light when struck by electrons -Electron gun: assembly of cathode, intensity grid, focus grid -Deflection plates: as the electron beam approaches the screen it changes direction

• Different types of probes provide more versatility in oscilloscope application.

  1. Crystal probes: serves as amplitude-modulation detector (AM) which allows modulation waveform of intermediate frequency
  2. Isolating Probe: low- pass filter that ''sharpens'' the variety of patterns. 3.Low Capacitance- distortion and loss of gain because of input loading. 4.Direct probe: design to minimize the effects of stray electrical signals radiating

Problems and Equations

• Voltage = VPP = Reading (Voltage/Division)
• Voltage = VP = Reading (Voltage/Division)
• Period = Reading (Time/Division
• Frequency (f) = 1/Time = 1/t
• Average Voltage = 0.637 Vp