Elements of History

• Study of present in chronological order and with explanation.
• "Historia" means the act of seeking knowledge or inquiry designed to elicit truth.

Elements of History

• PAPS is an acronym for these said elements
• Period refers to the context of the time when the history was written.
• Author/The historian refers to the person writing/documenting the event/history.
• Place is the location where the history was written.
• Sources are artifacts that have been left in the past as relics or testimonies of witness to the past.
• PERSIA is an acronym regarding what domains history includes
• Politics involves government influencing society.
• Economics is where the money dominates and affect people.
• Religion is the influence of religion on a given time period, event, or group of people.
• Social instances of how an event has altered the way people in a culture interact with one another.
• Intelligence involves achievements in many different areas.
• Art consists of paintings and pictures produced throughout the course of time.

Historians and Historiography

• Historians refers to individuals who write about history.
• Historiography is the practice of historical writing.

Historical Criticism

• External Criticism: Practice of verifying the authenticity from the quality of the paper and language used.
• Internal Criticism: Examination of the truthfulness of the evidence, content, and circumstances of its production.

Sources of History

• Documents
• Archeological records
• Oral and video accounts

Kinds of Historical Sources

• Primary sources are produced at the same time as the event, period, or subject being studied.
• Secondary sources are created by an author who used primary sources to produce the material.

Manunggul Jar

• Dates back to around 710-890 BCE.
• Discovered in 1964 in Manunggul Cave in Palawan.
• "Ship-of-the-dead" is regarding the jar's cover has two human figures riding on a boat.
• The human figure at the back is holding a paddle, while the one in front has its two arms crossed against the chest.
• The boat also has eyes and a mouth.
• The upper portion of the jar has curved scrolls.
• Used for secondary burial, a prehistoric act wherein only the bones were put in a jar within a year after the person's death.
• The bones were washed and painted with a red hematite.
• The jar was then placed in the most lighted and attractive part inside the cave.

Kartilya ng Katipunan and the KKK

• KKK means Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
• July 6, 1892 Jose Rizal was arrested three days after the establishment of La Liga Filipina
• July 7, 1892: Andres Bonifacio established the Katipunan in Tondo, Manila.
• The establishment was a was a result of the failure of the Reform Movement.
• Objective I: A united nation that would revolt against the Spaniards stated Katipunan's objectives
• Objective II: The total independence of the country from Spain stated Katipunan's objectives

Kartilya ng Katipunan

• The document was written by Emilio Jacinto in 1896.
• Emilio Jacinto was a law student at the Universidad de Santo Tomas.
• Jacinto was only 18 years old when he joined the movement.
• Hasik: Members are to recruit two new members who would not know each other but only the original member who took him/her in.
• Membership has three grades:
  • The first grade was called Katipon, and password was “Anak ng Bayan”
  • The second grade was kawal, and password was "Gom- Bur - Za"
  • The third grade was bayani, and password was “Rizal”

Pacto de Sangre "Blood Compact"

• Rituals are performed upon new recruits who wish to become members of the Katipunan.
• Signing of an agreement using their blood.
• Kartilya ng Katipunan, a "code of conduct" of the Katipuneros.
• It's like their "Ten Commandments".

Analysis of the "Kartilya ng Katipunan"

• A reaction to despicable value systems.
• Flourishing liberal ideals in the eighteenth and nineteenth century.
• Honor of words and actions
• Women should be treated with honor and respect
• Teachings directed toward self-development

Controversies and Conflicting Views in Philippine History

Regarding Ferdinand Magellan:

• Born in 1480 at Sabrosa, Portugal from a family of minor Portuguese nobility
• Planned to discover the east through the west route.
• Planned the idea to King Manuel of Portugal but was not granted

Trisavicosa

Included:

• King Charles I of Spain
• Trinidad
• San Antonio
• Victoria
• Concepcion
• Santiago
• August 1519
• March 16, 1521
• Homonhon Island, Samar
• European discovery of the International Date Line
• March 31, 1521 in celebration of Easter Sunday
• Fr. Pedro Valderama marked the introduction of Christianity in the Philippines
• Francisco Albo, a pilot of one of Magellan's ships (Trinidad)
• Albo was in charge of sails, rigging, anchors, cables etc.
• Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian nobleman who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan in his fateful circumnavigation of the world.
• His travelogue is one of the most important primary sources in the study of the precolonial Philippines.
• Antonio's account is a major reference to the events leading to Magellan's arrival in the Philippines.

Colin and Combe

• Father Francisco Colin & Francisco Combe claims that the 1st mass took place in Masao (Butuan, Agusan del Norte) as it was written in the traditions of the Catholic church.
• 1872: Claims to rest upon a tradition that was unanimous and unbroken for 3 centuries, the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.
• 1872: A monument to commemorate the site of the 1st mass on the Philippines was erected in Butuan.
• The recovery of 10 Balangay boats which were accidentally dug up near Masao River in 1976.
• Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521 Magellan was killed against Lapu-lapu.
• The Victoria was the last remaining ship of Magellan's expedition to return in Spain.
• Juan Sebastian Elcano assumed command and piloted one ship, the Victoria.
• Mutiny is rebellion against the authorities, especially by soldiers against their officers.
• 1872: Historic year of The Cavite Mutiny and the martyrdom of the three priests: Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, immortilized as GOMBURZA

Cavite Mutiny

• Fort San Felipe happened January 20, 1872
• Around 200 soldiers/laborers
• It was unsuccessful, and many participants were executed.

Spanish Accounts Cause of the Rebellion

• Jose Montero blamed the removal of privileges
• Rafael Izquierdo removal of the rights

Filipino Accounts Cause of Rebellion

• Trinidad Tavera claims that there were harsh policies of Governor General Izquierdo.
• The Cavite Mutiny was used as a way to solve other issues, to justify their continuing dominance in the country.
• Edmund Plauchut claims that the law passed by the Governor withdrew from such old employees such exemption.
• Edmund used the incident as a part of a larger conspiracy to cement their dominance.
• GOMBURZA
  • Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora
  • Prominent priests were charged with treason and sedition and were tagged as the masterminds of the Cavite mutiny. Garotte - killing someone by strangulation, usually with iron wire or cord.
• The GOMBURZA were executed by garrote in public.
• Their martyrdom is widely accepted as the dawn of Philippine nationalism in the nineteenth century: Rizal dedicating his second novel, El Filibusterismo, to their memory.
• Retraction is withdrawing/taking back a statement or accusation, in Filipino, "pagbawi ng iyong sinabi".
• Jose Rizal is identified as a hero of the revolution for his writings that focus on ending colonialism and liberating Filipino minds to contribute to creating the Filipino nation.

Jose Rizal

• The volume of Rizal's lifework was committed to influence particularly the more influential ones, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
• His essays don't attack the Catholic religion, but the friars because the friars are the main agents of injustice in the Philippine society.
• "The Retraction" declares Rizal's belief in the Catholic faith, and takes back everything he wrote against the Church.
• The document was found by Fr. Manuel Garcia
• The Balaguer Testimony "A doubtful account.": There are doubts about the retraction document due to only one eyewitness account of the document from the Jesuit friar Fr. Vicente Balaguer.
• Balaguer is the only testimony of allegedly a "primary" account that Rizal ever wrote a retraction document
• Balaguer is is used to argue the authenticity of the document

Cuerpo de Vigilancia

• The the intelligence service unit that the Spanish authorities created in 1895
• Cuerpo was primarily assigned to gather information on the activities of certain groups of people suspected of planning a revolution against the Spanish colonizers.