Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following correctly describes an element?
Which of the following correctly describes an element?
What property distinguishes compounds from mixtures?
What property distinguishes compounds from mixtures?
Which of the following is an example of a mixture?
Which of the following is an example of a mixture?
What is one characteristic that metals have compared to non-metals?
What is one characteristic that metals have compared to non-metals?
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In what form do metals generally exist at room temperature?
In what form do metals generally exist at room temperature?
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Which of the following statements about compounds is true?
Which of the following statements about compounds is true?
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What is one property of non-metals?
What is one property of non-metals?
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Which method is used to separate components of a mixture?
Which method is used to separate components of a mixture?
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What principle does the separation of methyl alcohol and water utilize?
What principle does the separation of methyl alcohol and water utilize?
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In chromatography, what is the role of the stationary phase?
In chromatography, what is the role of the stationary phase?
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What happens to water during the evaporation of a common salt solution?
What happens to water during the evaporation of a common salt solution?
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Which of the following describes gunpowder's classification as a mixture?
Which of the following describes gunpowder's classification as a mixture?
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What is the purpose of the fractionating column in fractional distillation?
What is the purpose of the fractionating column in fractional distillation?
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How are different dyes in an ink separated through paper chromatography?
How are different dyes in an ink separated through paper chromatography?
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What happens to the component with the lower boiling point during distillation of methyl alcohol and water?
What happens to the component with the lower boiling point during distillation of methyl alcohol and water?
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What describes a mixture?
What describes a mixture?
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Which element is considered a non-metal?
Which element is considered a non-metal?
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Which of the following compounds contains two different types of atoms?
Which of the following compounds contains two different types of atoms?
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Which metal is the most reactive among the following?
Which metal is the most reactive among the following?
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Which substance is not a mixture?
Which substance is not a mixture?
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Which method is used to separate a liquid from its soluble solid impurities?
Which method is used to separate a liquid from its soluble solid impurities?
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What is the main composition of Calcium Hydroxide?
What is the main composition of Calcium Hydroxide?
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Which of the following is a metalloid?
Which of the following is a metalloid?
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Which mixture is considered heterogeneous?
Which mixture is considered heterogeneous?
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What is the principle behind separating a lighter liquid from a heavier liquid using a separating funnel?
What is the principle behind separating a lighter liquid from a heavier liquid using a separating funnel?
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Which of the following gases is classified as a noble gas?
Which of the following gases is classified as a noble gas?
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Which separation technique is used to obtain pure water from impure water?
Which separation technique is used to obtain pure water from impure water?
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What type of mixture is an alloy, such as brass?
What type of mixture is an alloy, such as brass?
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Which element has a charge of -2 when formed as an ion?
Which element has a charge of -2 when formed as an ion?
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What distinguishes a compound from an element?
What distinguishes a compound from an element?
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What is the purpose of the mobile phase in chromatography?
What is the purpose of the mobile phase in chromatography?
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Which statement about fractional distillation is correct?
Which statement about fractional distillation is correct?
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In the evaporation of seawater, what remains in the evaporating dish?
In the evaporation of seawater, what remains in the evaporating dish?
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What is the main mechanism that allows ink dye components to separate in paper chromatography?
What is the main mechanism that allows ink dye components to separate in paper chromatography?
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Why is gunpowder classified as a heterogeneous mixture?
Why is gunpowder classified as a heterogeneous mixture?
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What occurs to the component with the higher boiling point during the distillation of methyl alcohol and water?
What occurs to the component with the higher boiling point during the distillation of methyl alcohol and water?
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Which component of a mixture is always uniform in its composition?
Which component of a mixture is always uniform in its composition?
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What role does the fractionating column play in fractional distillation?
What role does the fractionating column play in fractional distillation?
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What is a characteristic of a mixture that distinguishes it from a compound?
What is a characteristic of a mixture that distinguishes it from a compound?
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How are the components of a compound separated?
How are the components of a compound separated?
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Which of the following is an example of an element?
Which of the following is an example of an element?
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What is a distinguishing property of metals compared to non-metals?
What is a distinguishing property of metals compared to non-metals?
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Which of the following statements is true about compounds?
Which of the following statements is true about compounds?
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In terms of physical state, how do non-metals generally differ from metals at room temperature?
In terms of physical state, how do non-metals generally differ from metals at room temperature?
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What defines the proportion of components in a compound?
What defines the proportion of components in a compound?
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Which of the following is NOT a property of metals?
Which of the following is NOT a property of metals?
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Which compound is made up of two types of atoms?
Which compound is made up of two types of atoms?
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Which metal is recognized as the least reactive among the following?
Which metal is recognized as the least reactive among the following?
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What is a characteristic of a homogeneous mixture?
What is a characteristic of a homogeneous mixture?
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Which of the following elements is a metalloid?
Which of the following elements is a metalloid?
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What is the main composition of calcium hydroxide?
What is the main composition of calcium hydroxide?
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Which separation technique would be appropriate for isolating a solid from a liquid mixture?
Which separation technique would be appropriate for isolating a solid from a liquid mixture?
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Identify which of the following elements is a non-metal.
Identify which of the following elements is a non-metal.
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Which property distinguishes noble gases from other gases?
Which property distinguishes noble gases from other gases?
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What distinguishes a liquid-liquid mixture like kerosene and water?
What distinguishes a liquid-liquid mixture like kerosene and water?
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Which element has a charge of +1 when it forms an ion?
Which element has a charge of +1 when it forms an ion?
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Which of the following statements about carbon is correct?
Which of the following statements about carbon is correct?
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What separation technique is most suitable for obtaining pure substances from a solution?
What separation technique is most suitable for obtaining pure substances from a solution?
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Which of the following represents a heterogeneous mixture?
Which of the following represents a heterogeneous mixture?
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Identify which compound is formed by the combination of nitrogen and oxygen.
Identify which compound is formed by the combination of nitrogen and oxygen.
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A pure substance made up of two or more elements is called a ______.
A pure substance made up of two or more elements is called a ______.
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Elements are classified into metals and ______, each with its own properties.
Elements are classified into metals and ______, each with its own properties.
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The components of a mixture can be separated by ______ methods only.
The components of a mixture can be separated by ______ methods only.
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Metals are generally ______ at room temperature.
Metals are generally ______ at room temperature.
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Non-metals are ______ i.e., they cannot be drawn into wires.
Non-metals are ______ i.e., they cannot be drawn into wires.
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Compounds have a definite set of ______.
Compounds have a definite set of ______.
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The term ______ refers to a substance that retains the individual properties of its components.
The term ______ refers to a substance that retains the individual properties of its components.
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Elements can be separated by chemical or ______ methods.
Elements can be separated by chemical or ______ methods.
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The lighter immiscible liquid, i.e., kerosene, remains above the heavier liquid, also known as ______.
The lighter immiscible liquid, i.e., kerosene, remains above the heavier liquid, also known as ______.
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Fractional distillation separates two miscible liquids based on their different ______.
Fractional distillation separates two miscible liquids based on their different ______.
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In chromatography, the adsorbent medium is referred to as the ______ phase.
In chromatography, the adsorbent medium is referred to as the ______ phase.
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The mixture of different dyes in ink can be separated by ______ chromatography.
The mixture of different dyes in ink can be separated by ______ chromatography.
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During the evaporation of common salt solution, common salt is left behind because the component, ______, is lost to the atmosphere.
During the evaporation of common salt solution, common salt is left behind because the component, ______, is lost to the atmosphere.
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When separating a mixture of methyl alcohol and water, the component with the lower boiling point is ______.
When separating a mixture of methyl alcohol and water, the component with the lower boiling point is ______.
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In a distillation setup, the component with the higher boiling point remains in the ______ flask after condensation.
In a distillation setup, the component with the higher boiling point remains in the ______ flask after condensation.
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Gunpowder is considered a ______ mixture because its components are not uniformly mixed.
Gunpowder is considered a ______ mixture because its components are not uniformly mixed.
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Metals have high melting and boiling points, while non-metals have low melting and boiling points, with ______ being a type of metal.
Metals have high melting and boiling points, while non-metals have low melting and boiling points, with ______ being a type of metal.
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Among the mentioned metals: Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, & Pb, ______ is the most reactive metal.
Among the mentioned metals: Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, & Pb, ______ is the most reactive metal.
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Carbon can be considered an ______ because it is made up of only one kind of atom.
Carbon can be considered an ______ because it is made up of only one kind of atom.
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Carbon dioxide is a ______ because it is made up of two kinds of atoms.
Carbon dioxide is a ______ because it is made up of two kinds of atoms.
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Calcium hydroxide is represented by the formula ______.
Calcium hydroxide is represented by the formula ______.
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The principle of ______ involves separating a solid from a liquid by allowing the liquid to evaporate.
The principle of ______ involves separating a solid from a liquid by allowing the liquid to evaporate.
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______ is used to separate a lighter liquid from a heavier liquid.
______ is used to separate a lighter liquid from a heavier liquid.
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A mixture retains the properties of its ______, which can be elements or compounds.
A mixture retains the properties of its ______, which can be elements or compounds.
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A ______ mixture has the same composition throughout.
A ______ mixture has the same composition throughout.
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During the distillation of impure water, the pure water vaporizes and collects in ______.
During the distillation of impure water, the pure water vaporizes and collects in ______.
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The ______ is important for separating different components with varying boiling points.
The ______ is important for separating different components with varying boiling points.
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An example of a ______ mixture is soil, which exhibits different properties throughout.
An example of a ______ mixture is soil, which exhibits different properties throughout.
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Chromatography is used for separating components based on their ______ in the mixture.
Chromatography is used for separating components based on their ______ in the mixture.
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In a chemical formula, ______ represents the amount of each element in a compound.
In a chemical formula, ______ represents the amount of each element in a compound.
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A pure substance made up of one kind of ______ only is called an element.
A pure substance made up of one kind of ______ only is called an element.
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In a compound, the components are chemically combined in a ______ proportion.
In a compound, the components are chemically combined in a ______ proportion.
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Metals are generally ______ at room temperature.
Metals are generally ______ at room temperature.
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Non-metals are typically ______ conductors of heat and electricity.
Non-metals are typically ______ conductors of heat and electricity.
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Components of a mixture can be separated by ______ methods.
Components of a mixture can be separated by ______ methods.
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The elements in a mixture retain their original ______.
The elements in a mixture retain their original ______.
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Compounds do not retain the original ______ of the elements that compose them.
Compounds do not retain the original ______ of the elements that compose them.
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Elements can exist on their own or as ______.
Elements can exist on their own or as ______.
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The lighter immiscible liquid, i.e., kerosene, remains above the heavier ______.
The lighter immiscible liquid, i.e., kerosene, remains above the heavier ______.
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The separation of mixtures of two miscible liquids is based on their different ______.
The separation of mixtures of two miscible liquids is based on their different ______.
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In chromatography, the adsorbent medium is known as the ______ phase.
In chromatography, the adsorbent medium is known as the ______ phase.
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The liquid component of a common salt solution gets lost as it converts into ______ during evaporation.
The liquid component of a common salt solution gets lost as it converts into ______ during evaporation.
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In a mixture, the components do not have a definite set of ______.
In a mixture, the components do not have a definite set of ______.
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The component with the higher boiling point remains behind in the distillation ______.
The component with the higher boiling point remains behind in the distillation ______.
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Paper chromatography utilizes capillary action in the ______ phase to move the solvent.
Paper chromatography utilizes capillary action in the ______ phase to move the solvent.
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Gunpowder is considered a ______ mixture because its components are not uniformly mixed.
Gunpowder is considered a ______ mixture because its components are not uniformly mixed.
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Metals generally have high melting and boiling points, while non-metals have ______ melting and boiling points.
Metals generally have high melting and boiling points, while non-metals have ______ melting and boiling points.
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Sodium is the most reactive ______ mentioned in the series of metals.
Sodium is the most reactive ______ mentioned in the series of metals.
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Carbon is made up of only one kind of ______, while carbon dioxide consists of two kinds.
Carbon is made up of only one kind of ______, while carbon dioxide consists of two kinds.
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The chemical formula for hydrogen chloride is ______.
The chemical formula for hydrogen chloride is ______.
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A mixture is considered impure as it contains more than one ______ or compound.
A mixture is considered impure as it contains more than one ______ or compound.
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In a homogeneous mixture, the components are ______ mixed throughout.
In a homogeneous mixture, the components are ______ mixed throughout.
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Sublimation can separate a sublimable solid from a ______ solid.
Sublimation can separate a sublimable solid from a ______ solid.
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Fractional distillation is used to separate a low boiling point liquid from a ______ boiling point liquid.
Fractional distillation is used to separate a low boiling point liquid from a ______ boiling point liquid.
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Calcium hydroxide is represented by the formula ______.
Calcium hydroxide is represented by the formula ______.
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Chlorine is categorized as a ______ based on its properties.
Chlorine is categorized as a ______ based on its properties.
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Nitrogen dioxide has the chemical formula ______.
Nitrogen dioxide has the chemical formula ______.
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An example of a heterogeneous mixture is ______.
An example of a heterogeneous mixture is ______.
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Aluminum is classified as a ______.
Aluminum is classified as a ______.
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Lead is recognized as a ______.
Lead is recognized as a ______.
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The element with the atomic symbol 'Xe' is known as ______.
The element with the atomic symbol 'Xe' is known as ______.
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Elements are made up of two or more types of atoms.
Elements are made up of two or more types of atoms.
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Compounds can be physically separated into their components.
Compounds can be physically separated into their components.
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Metals are generally malleable and can be beaten into sheets.
Metals are generally malleable and can be beaten into sheets.
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Non-metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Non-metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
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A mixture has a definite set of properties.
A mixture has a definite set of properties.
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Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth's crust.
Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth's crust.
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Components in a mixture can be present in any proportion.
Components in a mixture can be present in any proportion.
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All non-metals are solids at room temperature.
All non-metals are solids at room temperature.
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Kerosene is a heavier liquid that remains below water in a mixture.
Kerosene is a heavier liquid that remains below water in a mixture.
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The technique of fractional distillation can separate two miscible liquids with different boiling points.
The technique of fractional distillation can separate two miscible liquids with different boiling points.
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In chromatography, the mobile phase is stationary and does not move.
In chromatography, the mobile phase is stationary and does not move.
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Chromatography can separate different dyes in an ink based on their rate of flow over an adsorbent medium.
Chromatography can separate different dyes in an ink based on their rate of flow over an adsorbent medium.
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During the evaporation of a common salt solution, salt is lost to the atmosphere.
During the evaporation of a common salt solution, salt is lost to the atmosphere.
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Mixtures have a definite set of properties.
Mixtures have a definite set of properties.
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In paper chromatography, Whatman filter paper is an example of the mobile phase.
In paper chromatography, Whatman filter paper is an example of the mobile phase.
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Gunpowder is a homogeneous mixture with uniform composition.
Gunpowder is a homogeneous mixture with uniform composition.
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Metals have low melting and boiling points.
Metals have low melting and boiling points.
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Carbon is a non-metal.
Carbon is a non-metal.
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Sodium is the most reactive metal among the listed metals.
Sodium is the most reactive metal among the listed metals.
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Calcium hydroxide contains three different elements.
Calcium hydroxide contains three different elements.
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A mixture retains the properties of its constituents.
A mixture retains the properties of its constituents.
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Homogeneous mixtures have different composition throughout the mixture.
Homogeneous mixtures have different composition throughout the mixture.
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Bromine is a non-metal.
Bromine is a non-metal.
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A compound can be easily separated into its components by physical means.
A compound can be easily separated into its components by physical means.
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Fluorine is a noble gas.
Fluorine is a noble gas.
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Zinc is a metalloid.
Zinc is a metalloid.
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Xenon is considered a noble gas.
Xenon is considered a noble gas.
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The boiling point of potassium is higher than mercury.
The boiling point of potassium is higher than mercury.
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Iodine is classified as a metal.
Iodine is classified as a metal.
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Carbon dioxide can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Carbon dioxide can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
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Kerosene is a heavier immiscible liquid that remains above water.
Kerosene is a heavier immiscible liquid that remains above water.
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In fractional distillation, the component with the lower boiling point is collected in the distillation flask.
In fractional distillation, the component with the lower boiling point is collected in the distillation flask.
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During evaporation of a solution, the solid components are left behind in the evaporating dish.
During evaporation of a solution, the solid components are left behind in the evaporating dish.
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Chromatography relies on the different rates of flow of the various components over an adsorbent medium.
Chromatography relies on the different rates of flow of the various components over an adsorbent medium.
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Gunpowder is a homogeneous mixture because it is uniformly mixed throughout.
Gunpowder is a homogeneous mixture because it is uniformly mixed throughout.
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Methyl alcohol has a higher boiling point than water.
Methyl alcohol has a higher boiling point than water.
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The stationary phase in chromatography is the solvent that moves with capillary action.
The stationary phase in chromatography is the solvent that moves with capillary action.
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Mixtures have a definite set of properties that can be predicted.
Mixtures have a definite set of properties that can be predicted.
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Oxygen [O] is found in the highest percentage in the earth's crust.
Oxygen [O] is found in the highest percentage in the earth's crust.
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Non-metals are typically solid at room temperature.
Non-metals are typically solid at room temperature.
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Elements can be separated by both chemical and physical methods.
Elements can be separated by both chemical and physical methods.
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Compounds exhibit the properties of the individual elements that compose them.
Compounds exhibit the properties of the individual elements that compose them.
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Iron [Fe] and sulfur [S] maintain their original properties in a mixture.
Iron [Fe] and sulfur [S] maintain their original properties in a mixture.
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Metallic substances are typically poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Metallic substances are typically poor conductors of heat and electricity.
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The components of a mixture are always present in a fixed ratio.
The components of a mixture are always present in a fixed ratio.
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Ductility is a property that applies to metals, allowing them to be drawn into wires.
Ductility is a property that applies to metals, allowing them to be drawn into wires.
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Potassium is considered a less reactive metal compared to gold.
Potassium is considered a less reactive metal compared to gold.
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Carbon can be broken down into simpler substances through both physical and chemical means.
Carbon can be broken down into simpler substances through both physical and chemical means.
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Sodium (Na) is the least reactive among the metals mentioned: Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, & Pb.
Sodium (Na) is the least reactive among the metals mentioned: Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, & Pb.
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Sulfur, zinc, and phosphorus are all classified as non-metals.
Sulfur, zinc, and phosphorus are all classified as non-metals.
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A homogeneous mixture has different properties throughout the mixture.
A homogeneous mixture has different properties throughout the mixture.
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The formula for calcium hydroxide is Ca(OH)2 and it comprises calcium, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The formula for calcium hydroxide is Ca(OH)2 and it comprises calcium, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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Kerosene and water form a homogeneous mixture when combined.
Kerosene and water form a homogeneous mixture when combined.
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Ammonia is classified as a compound since it consists of more than one element.
Ammonia is classified as a compound since it consists of more than one element.
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The symbol for bromine as an ion is Br2-.
The symbol for bromine as an ion is Br2-.
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The process of extracting pure water from impure water is based on sublimation.
The process of extracting pure water from impure water is based on sublimation.
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Chlorine is classified as a non-metal, which has low melting and boiling points.
Chlorine is classified as a non-metal, which has low melting and boiling points.
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Xenon is categorized as a noble gas.
Xenon is categorized as a noble gas.
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Fluorine can be classified as a metalloid.
Fluorine can be classified as a metalloid.
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A mixture retains the properties of its constituents and can be separated by physical means.
A mixture retains the properties of its constituents and can be separated by physical means.
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What distinguishes elements from compounds in terms of composition?
What distinguishes elements from compounds in terms of composition?
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What are the two main categories of elements based on their properties?
What are the two main categories of elements based on their properties?
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How do the properties of elements in a compound differ from their original properties?
How do the properties of elements in a compound differ from their original properties?
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What principle is used to separate methyl alcohol from water?
What principle is used to separate methyl alcohol from water?
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What is the basic method to separate components of a mixture?
What is the basic method to separate components of a mixture?
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In chromatography, what is the purpose of the stationary phase?
In chromatography, what is the purpose of the stationary phase?
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Explain the term 'malleability' as it relates to metals.
Explain the term 'malleability' as it relates to metals.
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What are the general states of matter for metals and non-metals at room temperature?
What are the general states of matter for metals and non-metals at room temperature?
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How is fractional distillation different from simple distillation?
How is fractional distillation different from simple distillation?
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In what way do mixtures differ from compounds regarding component proportions?
In what way do mixtures differ from compounds regarding component proportions?
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What happens to common salt during the evaporation of seawater?
What happens to common salt during the evaporation of seawater?
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What characteristic of non-metals contrasts with metals in terms of conductivity?
What characteristic of non-metals contrasts with metals in terms of conductivity?
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Why is gunpowder considered a heterogeneous mixture?
Why is gunpowder considered a heterogeneous mixture?
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Describe the role of the mobile phase in chromatography.
Describe the role of the mobile phase in chromatography.
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What is the outcome of distilling a mixture of methyl alcohol and water?
What is the outcome of distilling a mixture of methyl alcohol and water?
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How does the principle of chromatography apply to separating dyes in ink?
How does the principle of chromatography apply to separating dyes in ink?
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What distinguishes potassium from carbon in terms of state and properties?
What distinguishes potassium from carbon in terms of state and properties?
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What are the elements that make up carbon dioxide, and how does it differ from carbon?
What are the elements that make up carbon dioxide, and how does it differ from carbon?
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List the components of calcium hydroxide and their respective amounts.
List the components of calcium hydroxide and their respective amounts.
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What method separates a mixture of sublimable and non-sublimable solids?
What method separates a mixture of sublimable and non-sublimable solids?
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What principle is used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid?
What principle is used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid?
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Identify the most reactive and the least reactive metals from the given list: Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, Pb.
Identify the most reactive and the least reactive metals from the given list: Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, Pb.
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What defines a homogeneous mixture, and provide an example.
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What does the term 'metalloid' refer to, and can you name one?
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How do the physical properties of noble gases differ from those of metals?
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Explain how chromatography works for separating components of a mixture.
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What happens to water during the distillation of impure water?
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What is the significance of valency in describing ions, such as Na1+?
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What occurs in a separating funnel when kerosene is mixed with water?
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Define a heterogeneous mixture and provide an example.
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What is the main difference in the state of matter between metals and non-metals at room temperature?
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How do the properties of components in a compound differ from those in a mixture?
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What are the two methods used to separate components of mixtures and compounds?
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What characteristics allow metals to be classified as good conductors of heat and electricity?
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Explain the term 'malleability' and how it applies to metals.
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What is the significance of the definite proportion of elements in compounds, giving an example?
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In terms of lustre, how do metals and non-metals compare?
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Why are nitrogen and oxygen important elements regarding their percentages in the atmosphere and human body?
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What occurs during the distillation of a mixture of methyl alcohol and water?
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Explain how paper chromatography separates dyes from ink.
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What is the outcome when sea water is evaporated in an evaporating dish?
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Describe the process that allows for the separation of lighter and heavier immiscible liquids.
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What is the stationary phase in chromatography, and why is it important?
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How does fractional distillation differ from simple distillation?
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What can be said about a mixture in terms of its properties?
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Why is gunpowder classified as a heterogeneous mixture?
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What distinguishes carbon from carbon dioxide in terms of composition?
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Name two metals mentioned that have high melting and boiling points.
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What type of mixture is formed when different gases are combined but not chemically reacted?
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Explain how sodium (Na) is positioned in the reactivity series compared to silver (Ag).
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Identify the metalloid in the mentioned elements and provide its position in the periodic table.
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What information does the formula of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] provide?
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Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures using examples.
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What is the technique used to separate a mixture of sublimable and non-sublimable solids?
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Describe the principle behind the separation of water and kerosene.
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What happens to common salts when water evaporates from a saltwater solution?
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How are different components of ink separated in paper chromatography?
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What type of substances are metals generally considered in terms of their properties?
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List one characteristic of noble gases that differentiates them from other elements.
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Study Notes
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
- Elements are pure substances made up of only one kind of atom
- Examples: Iron [Fe], Sulphur [S]
- Compounds are pure substances made up of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio
- Examples: Iron Sulphide [FeS]
- Mixtures are impure substances made up of two or more elements or compounds mixed in any proportion
- Examples: Iron Sulphur mixture
- Elements retain their original properties when in a mixture
- Compounds have a definite set of properties distinct from their constituent elements
- Mixtures do not have a definite set of properties and retain the properties of their components
- Elements can be found on their own or in compounds
- Elements in compounds are chemically combined & can be separated by chemical methods only
- Components in a mixture can be separated by physical methods only
Metals & Non-metals
- Metals are generally solids at room temperature
- They have luster, are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity
- They have high melting and boiling points
- Non-metals are gases, liquids, and soft solids at room temperature
- They do not have luster, are not malleable or ductile, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity
- They have low melting and boiling points
Examples of Metals & Non-metals
- Metals: Iron, copper, silver, gold, potassium, mercury, zinc, calcium, sodium, lead, platinum, aluminum
- Non-metals: Sulphur, chlorine, carbon, oxygen, fluorine, neon, iodine, bromine, phosphorus
- Metalloids: Boron, silicon, arsenic, antimony
- Noble Gases: Neon, xenon, radon
Reactivity Series of Metals
- Potassium is the most reactive metal
- Gold is the least reactive metal
- Sodium is the most reactive among: Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, & Pb
- Silver is the least reactive among: Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, & Pb
Carbon vs Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon is an element and cannot be broken down further
- Carbon dioxide is a compound made of carbon and oxygen atoms
- Carbon dioxide can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means only
Calcium Hydroxide Formula [Ca(OH)2]
- The formula indicates the compound contains calcium, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms
- It has one calcium atom, two oxygen atoms, and two hydrogen atoms
Symbols & Valencies of Elements & Radicals
- Sodium (Na) 1+
- Magnesium (Mg) 2+
- Chlorine (chloride) (Cl) 1-
- Nitrate (NO3) 1-
- Sulphite (SO3) 2-
- Aluminium (Al) 3+
- Oxygen (oxide) (O) 2 -
- Bromine (bromide) (Br) 1-
- Zinc (Zn) 2+
- Sulphur (sulphide) (S) 2-
- Sulphate (SO4) 2-
- Hydroxide (OH) 1-
- Calcium (Ca) 2+
- Carbonate (CO3) 2-
- Potassium (K) 1+
- Phosphate (PO4) 3-
- Iodine (iodide) (I) 1-
Chemical Formulas
- Hydrogen chloride - HCl
- Ammonia - NH3
- Carbon Monoxide - CO
- Nitric oxide - NO
- Nitrous oxide - N2O
- Nitrogen dioxide - NO2
- Nitrogen - N2
- Sulphur dioxide - SO2
Mixtures
- Mixtures are impure substances containing more than one element or compound mechanically mixed together
- Mixtures can be separated into their components by physical means
-
Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition and properties throughout
- Examples: alloys (brass), tincture of iodine, petrol & kerosene
-
Heterogeneous mixtures have different composition and properties throughout
- Examples: soil, chalk and water, kerosene and water
Methods of Separation
- Sublimation: separates a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid
- Evaporation: separates a soluble solid from a liquid
- Distillation: separates a liquid from a soluble solid or a pure liquid from an impure liquid
- Separating Funnel: separates a heavier immiscible liquid from a lighter one
- Fractional Distillation: separates two miscible liquids with different boiling points
- Chromatography: separates components of a mixture based on their different rates of flow over an adsorbent medium
Chromatography
- Stationary Phase: the absorbent medium (e.g., filter paper)
- Mobile Phase: the solvent or solution that moves through the stationary phase
Gunpowder
- Gunpowder is a heterogeneous mixture of charcoal, sulphur, and potassium nitrate
- It has different properties and composition throughout the mixture
Key Points to Remember
- Elements are the simplest forms of matter. Compounds are formed by the chemical combination of elements. Mixtures are formed by the physical combination of elements or compounds.
- Metals are generally solids at room temperature, while non-metals can be gases, liquids, or soft solids.
- The reactivity series of metals ranks metals based on how readily they react with other substances.
- Chemical formulas represent the composition of compounds.
- Mixtures can be separated by physical means, while compounds require chemical processes for separation.
- Chromatography is a technique used to separate components of a mixture based on their differing affinities for the stationary and mobile phases.
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
- Elements are pure substances made up of one type of atom.
- Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio.
- Mixtures are impure substances containing two or more elements or compounds mixed together in any proportion.
- Elements retain their original properties in a mixture.
Properties of Elements
- Metals are generally solid at room temperature, lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting and boiling points.
- Nonmetals can be gases, liquids, or soft solids, lack luster, are non-malleable and non-ductile, poor conductors of heat and electricity, and have low melting and boiling points.
- Metalloids exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals.
- Noble gases are unreactive elements found in the atmosphere.
Reactivity Series
- The reactivity series ranks metals based on their reactivity, with the most reactive metal at the top and the least reactive at the bottom.
- Sodium (Na) is the most reactive metal mentioned in the text, while Silver (Ag) is the least reactive.
The Importance of Chemical Formulas
- The formula of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, reveals that it contains one calcium atom, two oxygen atoms, and two hydrogen atoms.
Common Chemical Formulas
- Hydrogen chloride: HCl
- Ammonia: NH3
- Carbon monoxide: CO
- Nitric oxide: NO
- Nitrous oxide: N2O
- Nitrogen dioxide: NO2
- Nitrogen: N2
- Sulphur dioxide: SO2
Types of Mixtures
- Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition and properties throughout.
- Heterogeneous mixtures have different compositions and properties throughout.
Separation Techniques
- Sublimation is used to separate a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid.
- Distillation is used to separate a liquid from a soluble solid.
- Separating funnel is used to separate two immiscible liquids.
- Fractional distillation is used to separate two miscible liquids with different boiling points.
- Chromatography is used to separate components of a mixture based on their different rates of adsorption on an adsorbent medium.
Examples of Separation Techniques
- Naphthalene and sodium chloride: Sublimation is used to separate these solids.
- Common salt from a solution of common salt in water: Distillation is used to separate them.
- Pure water from impure water: Distillation is used to purify the water.
- Kerosene and water: A separating funnel is used to separate these immiscible liquids.
- Methyl alcohol and water: Fractional distillation is used to separate these miscible liquids.
- Dyes in ink: Chromatography is used to separate the different dyes.
- Gunpowder is a heterogeneous mixture because its components are not uniformly mixed throughout.
Chromatography
- Stationary phase: The absorbent medium, often filter paper made of cellulose.
- Mobile phase: The solvent or solution that moves due to capillary action.
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
- Elements are pure substances made up of one type of atom. Examples include iron (Fe) and sulfur (S).
- Compounds are pure substances consisting of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. For example, iron sulfide (FeS) is a compound.
- Mixtures are impure substances formed by combining two or more elements or compounds in any proportion. The components are mechanically mixed and retain their properties. Examples include sand and water.
- Elements have definite sets of properties and can be classified into metals and non-metals.
- Compounds also have definite sets of properties, but the elements within them lose their original properties.
- Mixtures do not possess definite sets of properties, and their components retain their original properties.
- Elements can exist in pure form or as compounds. They can be separated by physical or chemical methods.
- Compounds are chemically combined, and their elements can only be separated by chemical methods.
- Mixtures can be separated by physical methods.
Metal and Non-Metal Properties
- Metals are generally solids at room temperature, lustrous (shiny), malleable (can be beaten into sheets), ductile (can be drawn into wires), and good conductors of heat and electricity. They typically have high melting and boiling points. Examples include iron, copper, silver, and gold.
- Non-metals exist as gases, liquids, or soft solids at room temperature. They lack lustre, are non-malleable and non-ductile, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. They have lower melting and boiling points than metals. Examples include sulfur, chlorine, and oxygen.
Reactivity Series
- The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged by their reactivity, with the most reactive at the top and the least reactive at the bottom.
- Potassium (K) is the most reactive metal, and gold (Au) is the least reactive.
- In the list of metals Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, and Pb, sodium (Na) is the most reactive, and silver (Ag) is the least reactive.
Chemical Formula Interpretation
- The formula for calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) indicates that it is a compound containing one calcium atom, two oxygen atoms, and two hydrogen atoms.
Chemical Formulas
- Hydrogen chloride: HCl
- Ammonia: NH3
- Carbon monoxide: CO
- Nitric oxide: NO
- Nitrous oxide: N2O
- Nitrogen dioxide: NO2
- Nitrogen: N2
- Sulfur dioxide: SO2
Types of Mixtures
-
Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition and properties throughout. Components are uniformly mixed.
- Examples: Alloys (brass - Cu & Zn), tincture of iodine (iodine & alcohol), petrol and kerosene.
-
Heterogeneous mixtures have variations in composition and properties throughout. Components are not uniformly mixed.
- Examples: Soil, chalk and water, kerosene & water
Separation Techniques
- Sublimation is used to separate a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid.
- Distillation is used to separate a liquid component from a soluble solid-liquid mixture. This method is also suitable for purifying water from impurities.
- Separating funnel is used to separate two immiscible liquids (one heavier, one lighter).
- Fractional distillation is used to separate two miscible liquids with different boiling points.
- Chromatography separates components of a mixture based on their different rates of flow over an adsorbent medium.
Mixture vs Compound
- Mixtures are impure substances formed by mechanically combining two or more elements/compounds in any proportion, retaining their properties.
- Compounds are pure substances formed by chemically combining elements in a fixed ratio, resulting in new properties.
Chromatography
- In chromatography, the stationary phase is the adsorbent medium (such as Whatman filter paper).
- The mobile phase is the solvent or solution that moves through the stationary phase due to capillary action.
Elements, Compounds & Mixtures
- Elements are pure substances made of only one kind of atom. Examples include iron (Fe), sulfur (S)
- Compounds are pure substances made of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. Example: Iron sulfide (FeS)
- Mixtures are impure substances made of two or more elements or compounds mechanically mixed in any proportion. Example: Iron and sulfur mixture
- Elements are classified into metals and non-metals based on their properties
- Metals are generally solid at room temperature, lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting and boiling points. Examples: iron, copper, silver, gold
- Non-metals can be gases, liquids, or soft solids at room temperature, lack luster, are not malleable or ductile, are poor conductors of heat and electricity, and have low melting and boiling points. Examples: sulfur, chlorine, oxygen, carbon
- Oxygen (O) makes up 46.1% of the Earth's crust, 78% of the atmosphere and 65% of the human body
- Sodium (Na) is the most reactive metal amongst Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, and Pb
- Silver (Ag) is the least reactive metal amongst Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, and Pb
- Carbon is an element, while carbon dioxide is a compound, as it is made of two kinds of atoms - carbon and oxygen, while carbon is made of only one kind of atom.
- Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is a compound that contains one calcium, two oxygen, and two hydrogen atoms
-
Chemical Formulas:
- Hydrogen chloride - HCl
- Ammonia - NH3
- Carbon monoxide - CO
- Nitric oxide - NO
- Nitrous oxide - N2O
- Nitrogen dioxide - NO2
- Nitrogen - N2
- Sulphur dioxide - SO2
Mixtures
- Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous
-
Homogeneous Mixtures: Have uniform composition and properties throughout. Examples:
- Solid-solid mixture: Alloys (e.g., Brass [Cu,Zn])
- Solid-liquid mixture: Iodine and alcohol (tincture of iodine)
- Liquid-liquid mixture: Petrol and Kerosene
-
Heterogeneous Mixtures: Have non-uniform composition and properties throughout. Examples:
- Solid-solid mixture: Soil
- Solid-liquid mixture: Chalk and water
- Liquid-liquid mixture: Kerosene and water
Separation Techniques
- Sublimation: Separating a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid. Example: Naphthalene and sodium chloride
- Distillation: Separating a liquid component from a soluble solid-liquid mixture. Example: Common salt from a solution of common salt in water
- Separating Funnel: Separating two immiscible liquids (one heavy, one light). Example: Kerosene and water
- Fractional distillation: Separating two miscible liquids with different boiling points. Example: Methyl alcohol and water
- Chromatography: Separating components of a mixture by differences in their rate of flow over an adsorbent medium. Example: Dyes in ink
Key Points
- Gunpowder is a heterogeneous mixture as its components are not uniformly mixed.
- Chromatography: The stationary phase is the absorbent medium (e.g., filter paper) that binds the water tightly, while the mobile phase is the solvent or solution that moves due to capillary action.
- A mixture is an impure substance where components are mixed in any proportion. If components are mixed in a fixed proportion, it forms a compound.
- Mixtures do not have a definite set of properties, while compounds have a definite set of properties.
- Evaporation leaves behind the solid component in a solution when the liquid component evaporates.
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
- Elements are pure substances composed of only one type of atom.
- Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio.
- Mixtures are impure substances composed of two or more elements or compounds mechanically mixed in any proportion.
Properties of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
- Elements have a definite set of properties.
- Compounds have a definite set of properties that differ from the properties of the individual elements.
- Mixtures do not have a definite set of properties. They retain the original properties of their components.
Separation of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
- Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.
- Compounds can only be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
- Mixtures can be separated by physical means.
Metals and Non-metals
- Metals are generally solids at room temperature, lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting and boiling points.
- Non-metals can be gases, liquids, or soft solids at room temperature, are not lustrous, not malleable, not ductile, poor conductors of heat and electricity, and have low melting and boiling points.
Reactivity Series
- The reactivity series is a series of metals arranged according to their reactivity. The most reactive metal is at the top, and the least reactive is at the bottom.
Chemical Formulas
- Chemical formulas represent the composition of compounds. They indicate the types of atoms and their ratios in the compound.
Types of Mixtures
- Homogeneous mixtures: Mixtures with the same composition and properties throughout.
- Heterogeneous mixtures: Mixtures with different composition and properties throughout.
Separation Techniques for Mixtures
- Sublimation: Separating a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid.
- Distillation: Separating a liquid component from soluble impurities in a liquid mixture.
- Separating funnel: Separating two immiscible liquids with different densities.
- Fractional distillation: Separating two miscible liquids with different boiling points
- Chromatography: Separating components of a mixture based on their differing rates of flow through an absorbent medium.
Key Concepts
- Carbon: An element.
- Carbon dioxide: A compound.
- Calcium hydroxide: A compound with the formula Ca(OH)2, containing one calcium atom, two oxygen atoms, and two hydrogen atoms.
- Gunpowder: A heterogeneous mixture of charcoal, sulphur, and potassium nitrate.
- Chromatography: A technique for separating components of a mixture based on their differing affinities for a stationary phase. The stationary phase is the absorbent medium, and the mobile phase is the solvent or solution that moves through the medium.
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
- Elements are pure substances made of only one type of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), Sulphur (S)
- Compounds are pure substances made up of two or more elements combined chemically in a fixed ratio. Examples: Iron Sulphide (FeS), Copper Oxide
- Mixtures are impure substances made up of two or more elements or compounds mixed together in any proportion. Examples: Iron & Sulphur mixture, Sodium chloride & water
- Compounds retain their original properties whereas mixtures do not.
- Components in a mixture can be separated using physical methods, while components in a compound can only be separated chemically.
- Metals are typically solid at room temperature, lustrous, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Examples: Iron, Copper, Silver, Gold.
- Nonmetals are gases, liquids, or soft solids at room temperature, lack luster, are not malleable or ductile, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Examples: Sulphur, Chlorine.
- Metalloids exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals. Examples: Silicon, Boron, Arsenic.
- Noble gases are unreactive gases that exist as single atoms. Examples: Neon, Helium, Argon, Krypton.
Reactivity of Metals
- The reactivity series is a list of metals ordered by their reactivity, with the most reactive at the top and the least reactive at the bottom.
- Potassium is the most reactive metal.
- Gold is the least reactive metal.
- Sodium is the most reactive metal among Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, and Pb.
- Silver is the least reactive metal among Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, and Pb.
Chemical formulas
- Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) contains one atom of calcium (Ca), two atoms of oxygen (O), and two atoms of hydrogen (H).
-
Symbols and valencies:
- Sodium (Na1+)
- Magnesium (Mg2+)
- Chlorine (Cl1-)
- Nitrate (NO31-)
- Sulphite (SO32-)
- Aluminium (Al3+)
- Oxygen (O2-)
- Bromine (Br1-)
- Zinc (Zn2+)
- Sulfur (S2-)
- Sulphate (SO42-)
- Hydroxide (OH1-)
- Calcium (Ca2+)
- Carbonate (CO32-)
- Potassium (K1+)
- Phosphate (PO43-)
- Iodine (I1-)
Chemical Formulas (Examples)
- Hydrogen chloride - HCl
- Ammonia - NH3
- Carbon monoxide - CO
- Nitric oxide - NO
- Nitrous oxide - N2O
- Nitrogen dioxide - NO2
- Nitrogen - N2
- Sulphur dioxide - SO2
Mixtures
- Mixtures are impure substances containing more than one element or compound.
- Mixtures are classified into homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures:
- Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition and properties throughout.
- Heterogeneous mixtures have different compositions and properties throughout.
- Components of a mixture can be separated by physical methods.
Examples of Mixture Types
- Solid-Solid mixture: Alloys, e.g., Brass (Cu,Zn)
- Solid-Liquid mixture: Iodine and Alcohol (Tincture of Iodine)
- Liquid- liquid mixture: Petrol & Kerosene
Separation Techniques
- Sublimation: Separates a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid. (e.g., Naphthalene & sodium chloride)
- Distillation: Separates a liquid component from a solid dissolved in it. (e.g., Common salt from a solution of common salt in water)
- Separating funnel: Separates two immiscible liquids of different densities. (e.g., Kerosene & water)
- Fractional distillation: Separates two miscible liquids having different boiling points. (e.g., Methyl alcohol & water)
- Chromatography: Separates components of a mixture based on their different rates of flow over an absorbent medium. (e.g., Dyes of an ink)
Gunpowder and Chromatography
- Gunpowder is a heterogeneous mixture because its components are not uniformly mixed.
- In chromatography, the absorbent medium (stationary phase) is a filter paper made of cellulose which binds the water tightly, while the solvent or solution (mobile phase) moves due to capillary action.
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
-
Elements are pure substances composed of only one type of atom.
- Examples: Iron (Fe), Sulfur (S)
-
Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio.
- Examples: Iron Sulphide (FeS), Copper Oxide
-
Mixtures are impure substances made up of two or more elements or compounds, not chemically combined.
- Examples: Iron and Sulfur mixture, Sodium Chloride and Water
Distinguishing Properties
- Elements have a definite set of properties and can be classified as metals, non-metals, or metalloids.
- Compounds have a definite set of properties but differ from the properties of the individual elements that compose them.
- Mixtures do not have a definite set of properties and retain the properties of their components.
Separating Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
- Elements can be found on their own or as part of compounds and can be separated using both chemical and physical methods.
- Compounds can be separated only by chemical methods.
- Mixtures can be separated by physical methods only.
Elements and their Properties
- Oxygen (O) is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust.
- Nitrogen (N) is the most abundant element in the atmosphere.
- Oxygen (O) is the most abundant element in the human body.
Metals vs. Non-Metals
-
Metals are typically solid at room temperature, lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting and boiling points.
- Examples: Iron, Copper, Silver, Gold
-
Non-Metals can exist as gases, liquids, or soft solids at room temperature, lack luster, are not malleable or ductile, are poor conductors of heat and electricity, and have low melting and boiling points.
- Examples: Sulfur, Chlorine
Reactivity Series
- The reactivity series arranges metals in order of decreasing reactivity, with Potassium being the most reactive and Gold being the least reactive.
Chemical Formulas
- Chemical formulas represent the composition of compounds using element symbols and numerical subscripts to indicate the number of atoms of each element.
- Examples:
- Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)
- Ammonia (NH3)
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Examples:
Mixtures: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
-
Homogeneous Mixtures have uniform composition and properties throughout.
- Examples:
- Solid-solid mixture - Alloys (Brass (Cu,Zn))
- Solid-liquid mixture - Iodine and alcohol (Tinture of Iodine)
- Liquid-liquid mixture - Petrol and Kerosene
- Examples:
-
Heterogeneous Mixtures have varying composition and properties throughout.
- Examples:
- Solid-solid mixture - Soil
- Solid-liquid mixture - Chalk and water
- Liquid-liquid mixture - Kerosene and water
- Examples:
Separating Mixture Components
- Sublimation separates a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid.
- Distillation separates a liquid component from soluble impurities by boiling and condensing.
- Separating Funnel separates two immiscible liquids based on density.
- Fractional Distillation separates two miscible liquids with different boiling points.
- Chromatography separates components based on their different rates of flow over an adsorbent medium.
Gunpowder is a heterogeneous mixture because its components (charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate) are not uniformly mixed throughout.
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
- Elements are pure substances composed of one type of atom. Examples include iron (Fe) and sulfur (S).
- Compounds are pure substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. For instance, iron sulfide (FeS) is formed by the chemical combination of iron and sulfur.
- Mixtures are impure substances consisting of two or more elements or compounds physically mixed together in any proportion. For example, a mixture of iron and sulfur.
Properties of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
- Elements possess a unique set of properties, classified into metals and non-metals.
- Compounds exhibit a definite set of properties that differ from their constituent elements due to chemical bonding.
- Mixtures do not have a fixed set of properties, retaining the individual properties of their components.
Separation Techniques
- Elements can be separated from compounds and mixtures by employing both chemical and physical methods.
- Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances only through chemical methods.
- Mixtures can be separated using physical methods like filtration, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography.
Abundance of Elements
- Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust (46.1%).
- Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the atmosphere (78%).
- Oxygen is the most abundant element in the human body (65%).
Properties of Metals and Non-Metals
- Metals are typically solid at room temperature, lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting and boiling points.
- Non-metals can exist as gases, liquids, or soft solids at room temperature, lack luster, are non-malleable and non-ductile, poor conductors of heat and electricity, and have low melting and boiling points.
Reactivity Series of Metals
- The reactivity series arranges metals in order of their reactivity, with the most reactive metal at the top and the least reactive at the bottom.
- Potassium (K) is the most reactive metal, while Gold (Au) is the least reactive.
- Among the metals Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, and Pb, Sodium (Na) is the most reactive, and Silver (Ag) is the least reactive.
Carbon and Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon is an element, comprising only carbon atoms.
- Carbon dioxide is a compound formed by the chemical combination of carbon and oxygen atoms (CO2).
Chemical Formula of Calcium Hydroxide
- The chemical formula Ca(OH)2 indicates that calcium hydroxide is composed of calcium, oxygen, and hydrogen.
- It contains one calcium atom, two oxygen atoms, and two hydrogen atoms.
Valencies of Common Elements and Radicals
- Sodium (Na) has a valency of +1.
- Magnesium (Mg) has a valency of +2.
- Chlorine (Cl) has a valency of -1.
- Nitrate (NO3) has a valency of -1.
- Sulphite (SO3) has a valency of -2.
- Aluminium (Al) has a valency of +3.
- Oxygen (O) has a valency of -2.
- Bromine (Br) has a valency of -1.
- Zinc (Zn) has a valency of +2.
- Sulphur (S) has a valency of -2.
- Sulphate (SO4) has a valency of -2.
- Hydroxide (OH) has a valency of -1.
- Calcium (Ca) has a valency of +2.
- Carbonate (CO3) has a valency of -2.
- Potassium (K) has a valency of +1.
- Phosphate (PO4) has a valency of -3.
- Iodine (I) has a valency of -1.
Chemical Formulas of Common Compounds
- Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
- Ammonia (NH3)
- Carbon monoxide (CO)
- Nitric oxide (NO)
- Nitrous oxide (N2O)
- Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
- Nitrogen (N2)
- Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Types of Mixtures
- Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition and properties throughout. Examples include alloys (e.g., brass), iodine dissolved in alcohol (tincture of iodine), and petrol mixed with kerosene.
- Heterogeneous mixtures have non-uniform composition and properties. Examples include soil, chalk mixed with water, and kerosene with water.
Separation Techniques for Mixtures
- Sublimation separates a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid.
- Distillation separates a liquid component from soluble impurities in a solution.
- Separating funnel separates two immiscible liquids based on their densities.
- Fractional distillation separates two miscible liquids with different boiling points.
- Chromatography separates solid constituents in a liquid constituent by adsorption.
Examples of Separation Techniques
- Naphthalene and sodium chloride can be separated using sublimation, capitalizing on the sublimable nature of naphthalene.
- Common salt from its solution in water can be separated through evaporation.
- Pure water from impure water can be separated by distillation.
- Kerosene and water can be separated using a separating funnel.
- Methyl alcohol and water can be separated by fractional distillation.
- Dyes in ink can be separated by chromatography.
Chromatography
- Stationary phase: The absorbent medium in chromatography, such as Whatman filter paper made of cellulose.
- Mobile phase: The solvent or solution that moves through the stationary phase due to capillary action.
Gunpowder
- Gunpowder is a heterogeneous mixture of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, not uniformly mixed throughout. Its non-uniformity and varying composition throughout characterize it as a heterogeneous mixture.
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Test your understanding of elements, compounds, and mixtures in this engaging quiz. Explore the definitions, properties, and examples of each type of substance. Perfect for students looking to solidify their knowledge in chemistry!
