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Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Quiz
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Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Quiz

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@Dr. K. Viswanath

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes an element?

  • A pure substance made up of one kind of atom (correct)
  • A pure substance made up of two or more atoms
  • An impure substance made up of two elements
  • A mixture of two or more compounds

    • What property distinguishes compounds from mixtures?

  • Components in mixtures retain original properties (correct)
  • Compounds have components in any proportion
  • Elements in compounds are not chemically combined
  • Compounds can be separated by physical methods

    • Which of the following is an example of a mixture?

  • Iron sulphide
  • Copper oxide
  • Iron and sulphur mixture (correct)
  • Sodium chloride

    • What is one characteristic that metals have compared to non-metals?

    <p>Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form do metals generally exist at room temperature?

    <p>Solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about compounds is true?

    <p>The components are always in a fixed ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one property of non-metals?

    <p>They do not have lustre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to separate components of a mixture?

    <p>Physical methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle does the separation of methyl alcohol and water utilize?

    <p>Separation based on different boiling points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chromatography, what is the role of the stationary phase?

    <p>It provides the adsorbent medium for separation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to water during the evaporation of a common salt solution?

    <p>It is converted to water vapor and lost to the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes gunpowder's classification as a mixture?

    <p>The components are not uniformly mixed and have different properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the fractionating column in fractional distillation?

    <p>To trap and condense the higher boiling point component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are different dyes in an ink separated through paper chromatography?

    <p>Due to differences in the rate of flow over an adsorbent medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the component with the lower boiling point during distillation of methyl alcohol and water?

    <p>It evaporates and is collected in the receiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a mixture?

    <p>It is formed by mixing elements or compounds in any proportion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is considered a non-metal?

    <p>Carbon [C]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds contains two different types of atoms?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide [CO2]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal is the most reactive among the following?

    <p>Sodium [Na]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is not a mixture?

    <p>Gold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to separate a liquid from its soluble solid impurities?

    <p>Distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main composition of Calcium Hydroxide?

    <p>One Calcium, two Oxygen, and two Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a metalloid?

    <p>Silicon [Si]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mixture is considered heterogeneous?

    <p>Soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind separating a lighter liquid from a heavier liquid using a separating funnel?

    <p>Density differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gases is classified as a noble gas?

    <p>Neon [Ne]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which separation technique is used to obtain pure water from impure water?

    <p>Distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mixture is an alloy, such as brass?

    <p>Homogeneous mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element has a charge of -2 when formed as an ion?

    <p>Oxygen [O]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a compound from an element?

    <p>Elements have distinct properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the mobile phase in chromatography?

    <p>It moves the solvent to separate components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about fractional distillation is correct?

    <p>It relies on the different boiling points of liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the evaporation of seawater, what remains in the evaporating dish?

    <p>Salt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism that allows ink dye components to separate in paper chromatography?

    <p>Capillary action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is gunpowder classified as a heterogeneous mixture?

    <p>Its components have different properties and are not consistently mixed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the component with the higher boiling point during the distillation of methyl alcohol and water?

    <p>It remains in the distillation flask.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a mixture is always uniform in its composition?

    <p>Homogeneous mixtures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the fractionating column play in fractional distillation?

    <p>It helps to condense vapor back into liquid form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a mixture that distinguishes it from a compound?

    <p>Components retain their original properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the components of a compound separated?

    <p>By chemical methods only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an element?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing property of metals compared to non-metals?

    <p>Metals can be drawn into wires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about compounds?

    <p>They are made from two or more different types of elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of physical state, how do non-metals generally differ from metals at room temperature?

    <p>Non-metals are usually gases or soft solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the proportion of components in a compound?

    <p>It is present in a fixed ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a property of metals?

    <p>Poor conductivity of heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is made up of two types of atoms?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal is recognized as the least reactive among the following?

    <p>Silver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a homogeneous mixture?

    <p>Uniform composition throughout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is a metalloid?

    <p>Boron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main composition of calcium hydroxide?

    <p>1 calcium, 2 oxygen, 2 hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which separation technique would be appropriate for isolating a solid from a liquid mixture?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify which of the following elements is a non-metal.

    <p>Bromine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property distinguishes noble gases from other gases?

    <p>Stable and non-reactive under standard conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a liquid-liquid mixture like kerosene and water?

    <p>One component is heavier than the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element has a charge of +1 when it forms an ion?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about carbon is correct?

    <p>It is a non-metal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separation technique is most suitable for obtaining pure substances from a solution?

    <p>Distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a heterogeneous mixture?

    <p>Soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify which compound is formed by the combination of nitrogen and oxygen.

    <p>Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pure substance made up of two or more elements is called a ______.

    <p>compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elements are classified into metals and ______, each with its own properties.

    <p>non-metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The components of a mixture can be separated by ______ methods only.

    <p>physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metals are generally ______ at room temperature.

    <p>solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-metals are ______ i.e., they cannot be drawn into wires.

    <p>non-ductile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compounds have a definite set of ______.

    <p>properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term ______ refers to a substance that retains the individual properties of its components.

    <p>mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elements can be separated by chemical or ______ methods.

    <p>physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lighter immiscible liquid, i.e., kerosene, remains above the heavier liquid, also known as ______.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fractional distillation separates two miscible liquids based on their different ______.

    <p>boiling points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chromatography, the adsorbent medium is referred to as the ______ phase.

    <p>stationary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mixture of different dyes in ink can be separated by ______ chromatography.

    <p>paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the evaporation of common salt solution, common salt is left behind because the component, ______, is lost to the atmosphere.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When separating a mixture of methyl alcohol and water, the component with the lower boiling point is ______.

    <p>methyl alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a distillation setup, the component with the higher boiling point remains in the ______ flask after condensation.

    <p>distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gunpowder is considered a ______ mixture because its components are not uniformly mixed.

    <p>heterogeneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metals have high melting and boiling points, while non-metals have low melting and boiling points, with ______ being a type of metal.

    <p>potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the mentioned metals: Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, & Pb, ______ is the most reactive metal.

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon can be considered an ______ because it is made up of only one kind of atom.

    <p>element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide is a ______ because it is made up of two kinds of atoms.

    <p>compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium hydroxide is represented by the formula ______.

    <p>Ca(OH)2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of ______ involves separating a solid from a liquid by allowing the liquid to evaporate.

    <p>evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is used to separate a lighter liquid from a heavier liquid.

    <p>separating funnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mixture retains the properties of its ______, which can be elements or compounds.

    <p>constituents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ mixture has the same composition throughout.

    <p>homogeneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the distillation of impure water, the pure water vaporizes and collects in ______.

    <p>the receiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is important for separating different components with varying boiling points.

    <p>fractionating column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a ______ mixture is soil, which exhibits different properties throughout.

    <p>heterogeneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromatography is used for separating components based on their ______ in the mixture.

    <p>affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a chemical formula, ______ represents the amount of each element in a compound.

    <p>subscripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pure substance made up of one kind of ______ only is called an element.

    <p>atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a compound, the components are chemically combined in a ______ proportion.

    <p>definite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metals are generally ______ at room temperature.

    <p>solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-metals are typically ______ conductors of heat and electricity.

    <p>poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Components of a mixture can be separated by ______ methods.

    <p>physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The elements in a mixture retain their original ______.

    <p>properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compounds do not retain the original ______ of the elements that compose them.

    <p>properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elements can exist on their own or as ______.

    <p>compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lighter immiscible liquid, i.e., kerosene, remains above the heavier ______.

    <p>liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The separation of mixtures of two miscible liquids is based on their different ______.

    <p>boiling points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chromatography, the adsorbent medium is known as the ______ phase.

    <p>stationary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liquid component of a common salt solution gets lost as it converts into ______ during evaporation.

    <p>water vapour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a mixture, the components do not have a definite set of ______.

    <p>properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The component with the higher boiling point remains behind in the distillation ______.

    <p>flask</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Paper chromatography utilizes capillary action in the ______ phase to move the solvent.

    <p>mobile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gunpowder is considered a ______ mixture because its components are not uniformly mixed.

    <p>heterogeneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metals generally have high melting and boiling points, while non-metals have ______ melting and boiling points.

    <p>low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium is the most reactive ______ mentioned in the series of metals.

    <p>metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon is made up of only one kind of ______, while carbon dioxide consists of two kinds.

    <p>atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemical formula for hydrogen chloride is ______.

    <p>HCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mixture is considered impure as it contains more than one ______ or compound.

    <p>element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a homogeneous mixture, the components are ______ mixed throughout.

    <p>uniformly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sublimation can separate a sublimable solid from a ______ solid.

    <p>non-sublimable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fractional distillation is used to separate a low boiling point liquid from a ______ boiling point liquid.

    <p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium hydroxide is represented by the formula ______.

    <p>Ca(OH)2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chlorine is categorized as a ______ based on its properties.

    <p>non-metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nitrogen dioxide has the chemical formula ______.

    <p>NO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a heterogeneous mixture is ______.

    <p>soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aluminum is classified as a ______.

    <p>metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lead is recognized as a ______.

    <p>metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The element with the atomic symbol 'Xe' is known as ______.

    <p>xenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elements are made up of two or more types of atoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compounds can be physically separated into their components.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metals are generally malleable and can be beaten into sheets.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mixture has a definite set of properties.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth's crust.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Components in a mixture can be present in any proportion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All non-metals are solids at room temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kerosene is a heavier liquid that remains below water in a mixture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The technique of fractional distillation can separate two miscible liquids with different boiling points.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chromatography, the mobile phase is stationary and does not move.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromatography can separate different dyes in an ink based on their rate of flow over an adsorbent medium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the evaporation of a common salt solution, salt is lost to the atmosphere.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mixtures have a definite set of properties.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In paper chromatography, Whatman filter paper is an example of the mobile phase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gunpowder is a homogeneous mixture with uniform composition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metals have low melting and boiling points.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon is a non-metal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium is the most reactive metal among the listed metals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium hydroxide contains three different elements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mixture retains the properties of its constituents.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homogeneous mixtures have different composition throughout the mixture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bromine is a non-metal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A compound can be easily separated into its components by physical means.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluorine is a noble gas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zinc is a metalloid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xenon is considered a noble gas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The boiling point of potassium is higher than mercury.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iodine is classified as a metal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kerosene is a heavier immiscible liquid that remains above water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fractional distillation, the component with the lower boiling point is collected in the distillation flask.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During evaporation of a solution, the solid components are left behind in the evaporating dish.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromatography relies on the different rates of flow of the various components over an adsorbent medium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gunpowder is a homogeneous mixture because it is uniformly mixed throughout.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Methyl alcohol has a higher boiling point than water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stationary phase in chromatography is the solvent that moves with capillary action.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mixtures have a definite set of properties that can be predicted.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen [O] is found in the highest percentage in the earth's crust.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-metals are typically solid at room temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elements can be separated by both chemical and physical methods.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compounds exhibit the properties of the individual elements that compose them.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iron [Fe] and sulfur [S] maintain their original properties in a mixture.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metallic substances are typically poor conductors of heat and electricity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The components of a mixture are always present in a fixed ratio.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ductility is a property that applies to metals, allowing them to be drawn into wires.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Potassium is considered a less reactive metal compared to gold.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon can be broken down into simpler substances through both physical and chemical means.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium (Na) is the least reactive among the metals mentioned: Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, & Pb.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sulfur, zinc, and phosphorus are all classified as non-metals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A homogeneous mixture has different properties throughout the mixture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula for calcium hydroxide is Ca(OH)2 and it comprises calcium, hydrogen, and oxygen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kerosene and water form a homogeneous mixture when combined.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ammonia is classified as a compound since it consists of more than one element.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The symbol for bromine as an ion is Br2-.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of extracting pure water from impure water is based on sublimation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chlorine is classified as a non-metal, which has low melting and boiling points.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xenon is categorized as a noble gas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluorine can be classified as a metalloid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mixture retains the properties of its constituents and can be separated by physical means.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes elements from compounds in terms of composition?

    <p>Elements are made up of one kind of atom, while compounds consist of two or more different elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main categories of elements based on their properties?

    <p>The two main categories of elements are metals and non-metals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the properties of elements in a compound differ from their original properties?

    <p>Elements in a compound do not retain their original properties and instead exhibit new characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle is used to separate methyl alcohol from water?

    <p>The principle of separation is based on the different boiling points of the two miscible liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic method to separate components of a mixture?

    <p>Components of a mixture can be separated by physical methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chromatography, what is the purpose of the stationary phase?

    <p>The stationary phase serves as the adsorbent medium that allows for the separation of mixture components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the term 'malleability' as it relates to metals.

    <p>Malleability refers to the ability of metals to be beaten into sheets without breaking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the general states of matter for metals and non-metals at room temperature?

    <p>Metals are generally solids at room temperature, while non-metals can be gases, liquids, or soft solids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is fractional distillation different from simple distillation?

    <p>Fractional distillation allows for the separation of multiple components with varying boiling points using a fractionating column.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do mixtures differ from compounds regarding component proportions?

    <p>In a mixture, components can be present in any proportion, whereas in a compound, they are in a definite proportion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to common salt during the evaporation of seawater?

    <p>Common salt remains in the evaporating dish as water evaporates and is lost to the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of non-metals contrasts with metals in terms of conductivity?

    <p>Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity, unlike metals, which are good conductors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is gunpowder considered a heterogeneous mixture?

    <p>Gunpowder is considered heterogeneous because its components are not uniformly mixed throughout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of the mobile phase in chromatography.

    <p>The mobile phase is the solvent that moves the components of the mixture over the stationary phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of distilling a mixture of methyl alcohol and water?

    <p>Methyl alcohol collects in the receiver, while water is left behind in the distillation flask.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the principle of chromatography apply to separating dyes in ink?

    <p>Chromatography separates dyes based on their differential rates of flow over an adsorbent medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes potassium from carbon in terms of state and properties?

    <p>Potassium is a metal with high melting and boiling points, while carbon is a non-metal with low melting and boiling points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the elements that make up carbon dioxide, and how does it differ from carbon?

    <p>Carbon dioxide is composed of carbon and oxygen, while carbon consists of only carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the components of calcium hydroxide and their respective amounts.

    <p>Calcium hydroxide contains one atom of calcium, two atoms of oxygen, and two atoms of hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method separates a mixture of sublimable and non-sublimable solids?

    <p>Sublimation is the method used to separate a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle is used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid?

    <p>The principle of evaporation is used to separate a soluble solid from its liquid component.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the most reactive and the least reactive metals from the given list: Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, Pb.

    <p>Sodium (Na) is the most reactive, while Silver (Ag) is the least reactive metal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a homogeneous mixture, and provide an example.

    <p>A homogeneous mixture has the same composition and properties throughout; an example is an alloy like brass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'metalloid' refer to, and can you name one?

    <p>A metalloid has properties of both metals and non-metals; an example is silicon (Si).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the physical properties of noble gases differ from those of metals?

    <p>Noble gases are generally unreactive and exist as gases at room temperature, unlike metals which are solid and reactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how chromatography works for separating components of a mixture.

    <p>In chromatography, different components of a mixture are separated based on their movement through a stationary phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to water during the distillation of impure water?

    <p>Water vaporizes and condenses into pure water, leaving impurities behind in the distillation flask.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of valency in describing ions, such as Na1+?

    <p>Valency indicates the charge on an ion, influencing how elements combine in compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in a separating funnel when kerosene is mixed with water?

    <p>In a separating funnel, kerosene floats on top of water, allowing for separation of the two immiscible liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a heterogeneous mixture and provide an example.

    <p>A heterogeneous mixture has different compositions and properties throughout; an example is soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in the state of matter between metals and non-metals at room temperature?

    <p>Metals are generally solids, while non-metals can exist as gases, liquids, or soft solids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the properties of components in a compound differ from those in a mixture?

    <p>In a compound, components do not retain their original properties, while in a mixture, components retain their original properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two methods used to separate components of mixtures and compounds?

    <p>Components of mixtures can be separated by physical methods, while components of compounds can only be separated by chemical methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristics allow metals to be classified as good conductors of heat and electricity?

    <p>Metals are good conductors due to their structure that allows free movement of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the term 'malleability' and how it applies to metals.

    <p>Malleability refers to the ability of metals to be beaten into sheets without breaking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the definite proportion of elements in compounds, giving an example?

    <p>Compounds have components in a fixed ratio, like iron and sulfur in iron sulfide (FeS), affecting their properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of lustre, how do metals and non-metals compare?

    <p>Metals have a shine or lustre, while non-metals lack lustre and do not shine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are nitrogen and oxygen important elements regarding their percentages in the atmosphere and human body?

    <p>Nitrogen constitutes 78% of the atmosphere, and oxygen makes up 65% of the human body, indicating their vital roles in life and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the distillation of a mixture of methyl alcohol and water?

    <p>Methyl alcohol evaporates and is collected as it has a lower boiling point, while water remains in the distillation flask.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how paper chromatography separates dyes from ink.

    <p>The solvent moves through the filter paper, carrying different dyes at varying rates, resulting in their separation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when sea water is evaporated in an evaporating dish?

    <p>Common salt is left behind as water vaporizes into the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the process that allows for the separation of lighter and heavier immiscible liquids.

    <p>A separating funnel is used, which allows the lighter liquid to remain on top, while the heavier liquid settles below.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stationary phase in chromatography, and why is it important?

    <p>The stationary phase is the adsorbent medium, like filter paper, that retains components of the mixture while the mobile phase carries them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fractional distillation differ from simple distillation?

    <p>Fractional distillation uses a fractionating column to separate liquids with closer boiling points more efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about a mixture in terms of its properties?

    <p>A mixture has no definite set of properties and can vary in composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is gunpowder classified as a heterogeneous mixture?

    <p>Gunpowder is considered heterogeneous because its components are not uniformly mixed and exhibit different properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes carbon from carbon dioxide in terms of composition?

    <p>Carbon is made up of only one kind of atom, whereas carbon dioxide is made up of two kinds of atoms: carbon and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two metals mentioned that have high melting and boiling points.

    <p>Mercury (Hg) and Copper (Cu).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mixture is formed when different gases are combined but not chemically reacted?

    <p>A homogeneous mixture, as the components are uniformly mixed throughout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how sodium (Na) is positioned in the reactivity series compared to silver (Ag).

    <p>Sodium is the most reactive metal in the series, while silver is the least reactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the metalloid in the mentioned elements and provide its position in the periodic table.

    <p>Silicon (Si); it is found between metals and non-metals in the periodic table.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information does the formula of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] provide?

    <p>It indicates that calcium hydroxide consists of one calcium atom, two oxygen atoms, and two hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures using examples.

    <p>Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition (e.g., brass), while heterogeneous mixtures have varying composition (e.g., soil).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used to separate a mixture of sublimable and non-sublimable solids?

    <p>Sublimation is used to separate them by heating the mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the principle behind the separation of water and kerosene.

    <p>The principle involves the separation of two immiscible liquids, allowing the heavier liquid to settle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to common salts when water evaporates from a saltwater solution?

    <p>The common salt remains behind in the evaporating dish after the water evaporates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are different components of ink separated in paper chromatography?

    <p>The components are separated based on their different affinities to the stationary and mobile phases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of substances are metals generally considered in terms of their properties?

    <p>Metals are generally considered good conductors of heat and electricity and have high melting points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one characteristic of noble gases that differentiates them from other elements.

    <p>Noble gases are generally inert and do not readily react with other elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of a mixture as defined in the content.

    <p>A mixture is an impure substance containing more than one element or compound, retaining the properties of its components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a separating funnel play in the separation of immiscible liquids?

    <p>The separating funnel allows the heavier liquid to settle and be drawn off separately from the lighter liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Elements, Compounds and Mixtures

    • Elements are pure substances made up of only one kind of atom
      • Examples: Iron [Fe], Sulphur [S]
    • Compounds are pure substances made up of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio
      • Examples: Iron Sulphide [FeS]
    • Mixtures are impure substances made up of two or more elements or compounds mixed in any proportion
      • Examples: Iron Sulphur mixture
    • Elements retain their original properties when in a mixture
    • Compounds have a definite set of properties distinct from their constituent elements
    • Mixtures do not have a definite set of properties and retain the properties of their components
    • Elements can be found on their own or in compounds
    • Elements in compounds are chemically combined & can be separated by chemical methods only
    • Components in a mixture can be separated by physical methods only

    Metals & Non-metals

    • Metals are generally solids at room temperature
      • They have luster, are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity
      • They have high melting and boiling points
    • Non-metals are gases, liquids, and soft solids at room temperature
      • They do not have luster, are not malleable or ductile, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity
      • They have low melting and boiling points

    Examples of Metals & Non-metals

    • Metals: Iron, copper, silver, gold, potassium, mercury, zinc, calcium, sodium, lead, platinum, aluminum
    • Non-metals: Sulphur, chlorine, carbon, oxygen, fluorine, neon, iodine, bromine, phosphorus
    • Metalloids: Boron, silicon, arsenic, antimony
    • Noble Gases: Neon, xenon, radon

    Reactivity Series of Metals

    • Potassium is the most reactive metal
    • Gold is the least reactive metal
    • Sodium is the most reactive among: Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, & Pb
    • Silver is the least reactive among: Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, & Pb

    Carbon vs Carbon Dioxide

    • Carbon is an element and cannot be broken down further
    • Carbon dioxide is a compound made of carbon and oxygen atoms
    • Carbon dioxide can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means only

    Calcium Hydroxide Formula [Ca(OH)2]

    • The formula indicates the compound contains calcium, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms
    • It has one calcium atom, two oxygen atoms, and two hydrogen atoms

    Symbols & Valencies of Elements & Radicals

    • Sodium (Na) 1+
    • Magnesium (Mg) 2+
    • Chlorine (chloride) (Cl) 1-
    • Nitrate (NO3) 1-
    • Sulphite (SO3) 2-
    • Aluminium (Al) 3+
    • Oxygen (oxide) (O) 2 -
    • Bromine (bromide) (Br) 1-
    • Zinc (Zn) 2+
    • Sulphur (sulphide) (S) 2-
    • Sulphate (SO4) 2-
    • Hydroxide (OH) 1-
    • Calcium (Ca) 2+
    • Carbonate (CO3) 2-
    • Potassium (K) 1+
    • Phosphate (PO4) 3-
    • Iodine (iodide) (I) 1-

    Chemical Formulas

    • Hydrogen chloride - HCl
    • Ammonia - NH3
    • Carbon Monoxide - CO
    • Nitric oxide - NO
    • Nitrous oxide - N2O
    • Nitrogen dioxide - NO2
    • Nitrogen - N2
    • Sulphur dioxide - SO2

    Mixtures

    • Mixtures are impure substances containing more than one element or compound mechanically mixed together
    • Mixtures can be separated into their components by physical means
    • Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition and properties throughout
      • Examples: alloys (brass), tincture of iodine, petrol & kerosene
    • Heterogeneous mixtures have different composition and properties throughout
      • Examples: soil, chalk and water, kerosene and water

    Methods of Separation

    • Sublimation: separates a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid
    • Evaporation: separates a soluble solid from a liquid
    • Distillation: separates a liquid from a soluble solid or a pure liquid from an impure liquid
    • Separating Funnel: separates a heavier immiscible liquid from a lighter one
    • Fractional Distillation: separates two miscible liquids with different boiling points
    • Chromatography: separates components of a mixture based on their different rates of flow over an adsorbent medium

    Chromatography

    • Stationary Phase: the absorbent medium (e.g., filter paper)
    • Mobile Phase: the solvent or solution that moves through the stationary phase

    Gunpowder

    • Gunpowder is a heterogeneous mixture of charcoal, sulphur, and potassium nitrate
    • It has different properties and composition throughout the mixture

    Key Points to Remember

    • Elements are the simplest forms of matter. Compounds are formed by the chemical combination of elements. Mixtures are formed by the physical combination of elements or compounds.
    • Metals are generally solids at room temperature, while non-metals can be gases, liquids, or soft solids.
    • The reactivity series of metals ranks metals based on how readily they react with other substances.
    • Chemical formulas represent the composition of compounds.
    • Mixtures can be separated by physical means, while compounds require chemical processes for separation.
    • Chromatography is a technique used to separate components of a mixture based on their differing affinities for the stationary and mobile phases.

    Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

    • Elements are pure substances made up of one type of atom.
    • Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio.
    • Mixtures are impure substances containing two or more elements or compounds mixed together in any proportion.
    • Elements retain their original properties in a mixture.

    Properties of Elements

    • Metals are generally solid at room temperature, lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting and boiling points.
    • Nonmetals can be gases, liquids, or soft solids, lack luster, are non-malleable and non-ductile, poor conductors of heat and electricity, and have low melting and boiling points.
    • Metalloids exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals.
    • Noble gases are unreactive elements found in the atmosphere.

    Reactivity Series

    • The reactivity series ranks metals based on their reactivity, with the most reactive metal at the top and the least reactive at the bottom.
    • Sodium (Na) is the most reactive metal mentioned in the text, while Silver (Ag) is the least reactive.

    The Importance of Chemical Formulas

    • The formula of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, reveals that it contains one calcium atom, two oxygen atoms, and two hydrogen atoms.

    Common Chemical Formulas

    • Hydrogen chloride: HCl
    • Ammonia: NH3
    • Carbon monoxide: CO
    • Nitric oxide: NO
    • Nitrous oxide: N2O
    • Nitrogen dioxide: NO2
    • Nitrogen: N2
    • Sulphur dioxide: SO2

    Types of Mixtures

    • Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition and properties throughout.
    • Heterogeneous mixtures have different compositions and properties throughout.

    Separation Techniques

    • Sublimation is used to separate a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid.
    • Distillation is used to separate a liquid from a soluble solid.
    • Separating funnel is used to separate two immiscible liquids.
    • Fractional distillation is used to separate two miscible liquids with different boiling points.
    • Chromatography is used to separate components of a mixture based on their different rates of adsorption on an adsorbent medium.

    Examples of Separation Techniques

    • Naphthalene and sodium chloride: Sublimation is used to separate these solids.
    • Common salt from a solution of common salt in water: Distillation is used to separate them.
    • Pure water from impure water: Distillation is used to purify the water.
    • Kerosene and water: A separating funnel is used to separate these immiscible liquids.
    • Methyl alcohol and water: Fractional distillation is used to separate these miscible liquids.
    • Dyes in ink: Chromatography is used to separate the different dyes.
    • Gunpowder is a heterogeneous mixture because its components are not uniformly mixed throughout.

    Chromatography

    • Stationary phase: The absorbent medium, often filter paper made of cellulose.
    • Mobile phase: The solvent or solution that moves due to capillary action.

    Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

    • Elements are pure substances made up of one type of atom. Examples include iron (Fe) and sulfur (S).
    • Compounds are pure substances consisting of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. For example, iron sulfide (FeS) is a compound.
    • Mixtures are impure substances formed by combining two or more elements or compounds in any proportion. The components are mechanically mixed and retain their properties. Examples include sand and water.
    • Elements have definite sets of properties and can be classified into metals and non-metals.
    • Compounds also have definite sets of properties, but the elements within them lose their original properties.
    • Mixtures do not possess definite sets of properties, and their components retain their original properties.
    • Elements can exist in pure form or as compounds. They can be separated by physical or chemical methods.
    • Compounds are chemically combined, and their elements can only be separated by chemical methods.
    • Mixtures can be separated by physical methods.

    Metal and Non-Metal Properties

    • Metals are generally solids at room temperature, lustrous (shiny), malleable (can be beaten into sheets), ductile (can be drawn into wires), and good conductors of heat and electricity. They typically have high melting and boiling points. Examples include iron, copper, silver, and gold.
    • Non-metals exist as gases, liquids, or soft solids at room temperature. They lack lustre, are non-malleable and non-ductile, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. They have lower melting and boiling points than metals. Examples include sulfur, chlorine, and oxygen.

    Reactivity Series

    • The reactivity series is a list of metals arranged by their reactivity, with the most reactive at the top and the least reactive at the bottom.
    • Potassium (K) is the most reactive metal, and gold (Au) is the least reactive.
    • In the list of metals Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, and Pb, sodium (Na) is the most reactive, and silver (Ag) is the least reactive.

    Chemical Formula Interpretation

    • The formula for calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) indicates that it is a compound containing one calcium atom, two oxygen atoms, and two hydrogen atoms.

    Chemical Formulas

    • Hydrogen chloride: HCl
    • Ammonia: NH3
    • Carbon monoxide: CO
    • Nitric oxide: NO
    • Nitrous oxide: N2O
    • Nitrogen dioxide: NO2
    • Nitrogen: N2
    • Sulfur dioxide: SO2

    Types of Mixtures

    • Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition and properties throughout. Components are uniformly mixed.
      • Examples: Alloys (brass - Cu & Zn), tincture of iodine (iodine & alcohol), petrol and kerosene.
    • Heterogeneous mixtures have variations in composition and properties throughout. Components are not uniformly mixed.
      • Examples: Soil, chalk and water, kerosene & water

    Separation Techniques

    • Sublimation is used to separate a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid.
    • Distillation is used to separate a liquid component from a soluble solid-liquid mixture. This method is also suitable for purifying water from impurities.
    • Separating funnel is used to separate two immiscible liquids (one heavier, one lighter).
    • Fractional distillation is used to separate two miscible liquids with different boiling points.
    • Chromatography separates components of a mixture based on their different rates of flow over an adsorbent medium.

    Mixture vs Compound

    • Mixtures are impure substances formed by mechanically combining two or more elements/compounds in any proportion, retaining their properties.
    • Compounds are pure substances formed by chemically combining elements in a fixed ratio, resulting in new properties.

    Chromatography

    • In chromatography, the stationary phase is the adsorbent medium (such as Whatman filter paper).
    • The mobile phase is the solvent or solution that moves through the stationary phase due to capillary action.

    Elements, Compounds & Mixtures

    • Elements are pure substances made of only one kind of atom. Examples include iron (Fe), sulfur (S)
    • Compounds are pure substances made of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. Example: Iron sulfide (FeS)
    • Mixtures are impure substances made of two or more elements or compounds mechanically mixed in any proportion. Example: Iron and sulfur mixture
    • Elements are classified into metals and non-metals based on their properties
    • Metals are generally solid at room temperature, lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting and boiling points. Examples: iron, copper, silver, gold
    • Non-metals can be gases, liquids, or soft solids at room temperature, lack luster, are not malleable or ductile, are poor conductors of heat and electricity, and have low melting and boiling points. Examples: sulfur, chlorine, oxygen, carbon
    • Oxygen (O) makes up 46.1% of the Earth's crust, 78% of the atmosphere and 65% of the human body
    • Sodium (Na) is the most reactive metal amongst Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, and Pb
    • Silver (Ag) is the least reactive metal amongst Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, and Pb
    • Carbon is an element, while carbon dioxide is a compound, as it is made of two kinds of atoms - carbon and oxygen, while carbon is made of only one kind of atom.
    • Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is a compound that contains one calcium, two oxygen, and two hydrogen atoms
    • Chemical Formulas:
      • Hydrogen chloride - HCl
      • Ammonia - NH3
      • Carbon monoxide - CO
      • Nitric oxide - NO
      • Nitrous oxide - N2O
      • Nitrogen dioxide - NO2
      • Nitrogen - N2
      • Sulphur dioxide - SO2

    Mixtures

    • Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous
    • Homogeneous Mixtures: Have uniform composition and properties throughout. Examples:
      • Solid-solid mixture: Alloys (e.g., Brass [Cu,Zn])
      • Solid-liquid mixture: Iodine and alcohol (tincture of iodine)
      • Liquid-liquid mixture: Petrol and Kerosene
    • Heterogeneous Mixtures: Have non-uniform composition and properties throughout. Examples:
      • Solid-solid mixture: Soil
      • Solid-liquid mixture: Chalk and water
      • Liquid-liquid mixture: Kerosene and water

    Separation Techniques

    • Sublimation: Separating a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid. Example: Naphthalene and sodium chloride
    • Distillation: Separating a liquid component from a soluble solid-liquid mixture. Example: Common salt from a solution of common salt in water
    • Separating Funnel: Separating two immiscible liquids (one heavy, one light). Example: Kerosene and water
    • Fractional distillation: Separating two miscible liquids with different boiling points. Example: Methyl alcohol and water
    • Chromatography: Separating components of a mixture by differences in their rate of flow over an adsorbent medium. Example: Dyes in ink

    Key Points

    • Gunpowder is a heterogeneous mixture as its components are not uniformly mixed.
    • Chromatography: The stationary phase is the absorbent medium (e.g., filter paper) that binds the water tightly, while the mobile phase is the solvent or solution that moves due to capillary action.
    • A mixture is an impure substance where components are mixed in any proportion. If components are mixed in a fixed proportion, it forms a compound.
    • Mixtures do not have a definite set of properties, while compounds have a definite set of properties.
    • Evaporation leaves behind the solid component in a solution when the liquid component evaporates.

    Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

    • Elements are pure substances composed of only one type of atom.
    • Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio.
    • Mixtures are impure substances composed of two or more elements or compounds mechanically mixed in any proportion.

    Properties of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

    • Elements have a definite set of properties.
    • Compounds have a definite set of properties that differ from the properties of the individual elements.
    • Mixtures do not have a definite set of properties. They retain the original properties of their components.

    Separation of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

    • Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.
    • Compounds can only be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
    • Mixtures can be separated by physical means.

    Metals and Non-metals

    • Metals are generally solids at room temperature, lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting and boiling points.
    • Non-metals can be gases, liquids, or soft solids at room temperature, are not lustrous, not malleable, not ductile, poor conductors of heat and electricity, and have low melting and boiling points.

    Reactivity Series

    • The reactivity series is a series of metals arranged according to their reactivity. The most reactive metal is at the top, and the least reactive is at the bottom.

    Chemical Formulas

    • Chemical formulas represent the composition of compounds. They indicate the types of atoms and their ratios in the compound.

    Types of Mixtures

    • Homogeneous mixtures: Mixtures with the same composition and properties throughout.
    • Heterogeneous mixtures: Mixtures with different composition and properties throughout.

    Separation Techniques for Mixtures

    • Sublimation: Separating a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid.
    • Distillation: Separating a liquid component from soluble impurities in a liquid mixture.
    • Separating funnel: Separating two immiscible liquids with different densities.
    • Fractional distillation: Separating two miscible liquids with different boiling points
    • Chromatography: Separating components of a mixture based on their differing rates of flow through an absorbent medium.

    Key Concepts

    • Carbon: An element.
    • Carbon dioxide: A compound.
    • Calcium hydroxide: A compound with the formula Ca(OH)2, containing one calcium atom, two oxygen atoms, and two hydrogen atoms.
    • Gunpowder: A heterogeneous mixture of charcoal, sulphur, and potassium nitrate.
    • Chromatography: A technique for separating components of a mixture based on their differing affinities for a stationary phase. The stationary phase is the absorbent medium, and the mobile phase is the solvent or solution that moves through the medium.

    Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

    • Elements are pure substances made of only one type of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), Sulphur (S)
    • Compounds are pure substances made up of two or more elements combined chemically in a fixed ratio. Examples: Iron Sulphide (FeS), Copper Oxide
    • Mixtures are impure substances made up of two or more elements or compounds mixed together in any proportion. Examples: Iron & Sulphur mixture, Sodium chloride & water
    • Compounds retain their original properties whereas mixtures do not.
    • Components in a mixture can be separated using physical methods, while components in a compound can only be separated chemically.
    • Metals are typically solid at room temperature, lustrous, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Examples: Iron, Copper, Silver, Gold.
    • Nonmetals are gases, liquids, or soft solids at room temperature, lack luster, are not malleable or ductile, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Examples: Sulphur, Chlorine.
    • Metalloids exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals. Examples: Silicon, Boron, Arsenic.
    • Noble gases are unreactive gases that exist as single atoms. Examples: Neon, Helium, Argon, Krypton.

    Reactivity of Metals

    • The reactivity series is a list of metals ordered by their reactivity, with the most reactive at the top and the least reactive at the bottom.
    • Potassium is the most reactive metal.
    • Gold is the least reactive metal.
    • Sodium is the most reactive metal among Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, and Pb.
    • Silver is the least reactive metal among Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, and Pb.

    Chemical formulas

    • Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) contains one atom of calcium (Ca), two atoms of oxygen (O), and two atoms of hydrogen (H).
    • Symbols and valencies:
      • Sodium (Na1+)
      • Magnesium (Mg2+)
      • Chlorine (Cl1-)
      • Nitrate (NO31-)
      • Sulphite (SO32-)
      • Aluminium (Al3+)
      • Oxygen (O2-)
      • Bromine (Br1-)
      • Zinc (Zn2+)
      • Sulfur (S2-)
      • Sulphate (SO42-)
      • Hydroxide (OH1-)
      • Calcium (Ca2+)
      • Carbonate (CO32-)
      • Potassium (K1+)
      • Phosphate (PO43-)
      • Iodine (I1-)

    Chemical Formulas (Examples)

    • Hydrogen chloride - HCl
    • Ammonia - NH3
    • Carbon monoxide - CO
    • Nitric oxide - NO
    • Nitrous oxide - N2O
    • Nitrogen dioxide - NO2
    • Nitrogen - N2
    • Sulphur dioxide - SO2

    Mixtures

    • Mixtures are impure substances containing more than one element or compound.
    • Mixtures are classified into homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures:
      • Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition and properties throughout.
      • Heterogeneous mixtures have different compositions and properties throughout.
    • Components of a mixture can be separated by physical methods.

    Examples of Mixture Types

    • Solid-Solid mixture: Alloys, e.g., Brass (Cu,Zn)
    • Solid-Liquid mixture: Iodine and Alcohol (Tincture of Iodine)
    • Liquid- liquid mixture: Petrol & Kerosene

    Separation Techniques

    • Sublimation: Separates a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid. (e.g., Naphthalene & sodium chloride)
    • Distillation: Separates a liquid component from a solid dissolved in it. (e.g., Common salt from a solution of common salt in water)
    • Separating funnel: Separates two immiscible liquids of different densities. (e.g., Kerosene & water)
    • Fractional distillation: Separates two miscible liquids having different boiling points. (e.g., Methyl alcohol & water)
    • Chromatography: Separates components of a mixture based on their different rates of flow over an absorbent medium. (e.g., Dyes of an ink)

    Gunpowder and Chromatography

    • Gunpowder is a heterogeneous mixture because its components are not uniformly mixed.
    • In chromatography, the absorbent medium (stationary phase) is a filter paper made of cellulose which binds the water tightly, while the solvent or solution (mobile phase) moves due to capillary action.

    Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

    • Elements are pure substances composed of only one type of atom.
      • Examples: Iron (Fe), Sulfur (S)
    • Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio.
      • Examples: Iron Sulphide (FeS), Copper Oxide
    • Mixtures are impure substances made up of two or more elements or compounds, not chemically combined.
      • Examples: Iron and Sulfur mixture, Sodium Chloride and Water

    Distinguishing Properties

    • Elements have a definite set of properties and can be classified as metals, non-metals, or metalloids.
    • Compounds have a definite set of properties but differ from the properties of the individual elements that compose them.
    • Mixtures do not have a definite set of properties and retain the properties of their components.

    Separating Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

    • Elements can be found on their own or as part of compounds and can be separated using both chemical and physical methods.
    • Compounds can be separated only by chemical methods.
    • Mixtures can be separated by physical methods only.

    Elements and their Properties

    • Oxygen (O) is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust.
    • Nitrogen (N) is the most abundant element in the atmosphere.
    • Oxygen (O) is the most abundant element in the human body.

    Metals vs. Non-Metals

    • Metals are typically solid at room temperature, lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting and boiling points.
      • Examples: Iron, Copper, Silver, Gold
    • Non-Metals can exist as gases, liquids, or soft solids at room temperature, lack luster, are not malleable or ductile, are poor conductors of heat and electricity, and have low melting and boiling points.
      • Examples: Sulfur, Chlorine

    Reactivity Series

    • The reactivity series arranges metals in order of decreasing reactivity, with Potassium being the most reactive and Gold being the least reactive.

    Chemical Formulas

    • Chemical formulas represent the composition of compounds using element symbols and numerical subscripts to indicate the number of atoms of each element.
      • Examples:
        • Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)
        • Ammonia (NH3)
        • Carbon Monoxide (CO)

    Mixtures: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous

    • Homogeneous Mixtures have uniform composition and properties throughout.
      • Examples:
        • Solid-solid mixture - Alloys (Brass (Cu,Zn))
        • Solid-liquid mixture - Iodine and alcohol (Tinture of Iodine)
        • Liquid-liquid mixture - Petrol and Kerosene
    • Heterogeneous Mixtures have varying composition and properties throughout.
      • Examples:
        • Solid-solid mixture - Soil
        • Solid-liquid mixture - Chalk and water
        • Liquid-liquid mixture - Kerosene and water

    Separating Mixture Components

    • Sublimation separates a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid.
    • Distillation separates a liquid component from soluble impurities by boiling and condensing.
    • Separating Funnel separates two immiscible liquids based on density.
    • Fractional Distillation separates two miscible liquids with different boiling points.
    • Chromatography separates components based on their different rates of flow over an adsorbent medium.

    Gunpowder is a heterogeneous mixture because its components (charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate) are not uniformly mixed throughout.

    Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

    • Elements are pure substances composed of one type of atom. Examples include iron (Fe) and sulfur (S).
    • Compounds are pure substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. For instance, iron sulfide (FeS) is formed by the chemical combination of iron and sulfur.
    • Mixtures are impure substances consisting of two or more elements or compounds physically mixed together in any proportion. For example, a mixture of iron and sulfur.

    Properties of Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

    • Elements possess a unique set of properties, classified into metals and non-metals.
    • Compounds exhibit a definite set of properties that differ from their constituent elements due to chemical bonding.
    • Mixtures do not have a fixed set of properties, retaining the individual properties of their components.

    Separation Techniques

    • Elements can be separated from compounds and mixtures by employing both chemical and physical methods.
    • Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances only through chemical methods.
    • Mixtures can be separated using physical methods like filtration, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography.

    Abundance of Elements

    • Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust (46.1%).
    • Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the atmosphere (78%).
    • Oxygen is the most abundant element in the human body (65%).

    Properties of Metals and Non-Metals

    • Metals are typically solid at room temperature, lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting and boiling points.
    • Non-metals can exist as gases, liquids, or soft solids at room temperature, lack luster, are non-malleable and non-ductile, poor conductors of heat and electricity, and have low melting and boiling points.

    Reactivity Series of Metals

    • The reactivity series arranges metals in order of their reactivity, with the most reactive metal at the top and the least reactive at the bottom.
    • Potassium (K) is the most reactive metal, while Gold (Au) is the least reactive.
    • Among the metals Zn, Ag, Na, Fe, Cu, and Pb, Sodium (Na) is the most reactive, and Silver (Ag) is the least reactive.

    Carbon and Carbon Dioxide

    • Carbon is an element, comprising only carbon atoms.
    • Carbon dioxide is a compound formed by the chemical combination of carbon and oxygen atoms (CO2).

    Chemical Formula of Calcium Hydroxide

    • The chemical formula Ca(OH)2 indicates that calcium hydroxide is composed of calcium, oxygen, and hydrogen.
    • It contains one calcium atom, two oxygen atoms, and two hydrogen atoms.

    Valencies of Common Elements and Radicals

    • Sodium (Na) has a valency of +1.
    • Magnesium (Mg) has a valency of +2.
    • Chlorine (Cl) has a valency of -1.
    • Nitrate (NO3) has a valency of -1.
    • Sulphite (SO3) has a valency of -2.
    • Aluminium (Al) has a valency of +3.
    • Oxygen (O) has a valency of -2.
    • Bromine (Br) has a valency of -1.
    • Zinc (Zn) has a valency of +2.
    • Sulphur (S) has a valency of -2.
    • Sulphate (SO4) has a valency of -2.
    • Hydroxide (OH) has a valency of -1.
    • Calcium (Ca) has a valency of +2.
    • Carbonate (CO3) has a valency of -2.
    • Potassium (K) has a valency of +1.
    • Phosphate (PO4) has a valency of -3.
    • Iodine (I) has a valency of -1.

    Chemical Formulas of Common Compounds

    • Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
    • Ammonia (NH3)
    • Carbon monoxide (CO)
    • Nitric oxide (NO)
    • Nitrous oxide (N2O)
    • Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
    • Nitrogen (N2)
    • Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

    Types of Mixtures

    • Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition and properties throughout. Examples include alloys (e.g., brass), iodine dissolved in alcohol (tincture of iodine), and petrol mixed with kerosene.
    • Heterogeneous mixtures have non-uniform composition and properties. Examples include soil, chalk mixed with water, and kerosene with water.

    Separation Techniques for Mixtures

    • Sublimation separates a sublimable solid from a non-sublimable solid.
    • Distillation separates a liquid component from soluble impurities in a solution.
    • Separating funnel separates two immiscible liquids based on their densities.
    • Fractional distillation separates two miscible liquids with different boiling points.
    • Chromatography separates solid constituents in a liquid constituent by adsorption.

    Examples of Separation Techniques

    • Naphthalene and sodium chloride can be separated using sublimation, capitalizing on the sublimable nature of naphthalene.
    • Common salt from its solution in water can be separated through evaporation.
    • Pure water from impure water can be separated by distillation.
    • Kerosene and water can be separated using a separating funnel.
    • Methyl alcohol and water can be separated by fractional distillation.
    • Dyes in ink can be separated by chromatography.

    Chromatography

    • Stationary phase: The absorbent medium in chromatography, such as Whatman filter paper made of cellulose.
    • Mobile phase: The solvent or solution that moves through the stationary phase due to capillary action.

    Gunpowder

    • Gunpowder is a heterogeneous mixture of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, not uniformly mixed throughout. Its non-uniformity and varying composition throughout characterize it as a heterogeneous mixture.

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