Chemistry Chapter: Matter and Its Properties

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary behavior of metals in relation to their valence electrons?

Metals maintain a constant number of valence electrons regardless of bonding.

Metals gain electrons to achieve a full octet.

Metals share electrons with nonmetals to stabilize.

Metals lose valence electrons to complete octets in the next-lowest energy level. (correct)

Which statement accurately describes the ionization energy of metals?

Metals typically possess higher ionization energies compared to nonmetals. (correct)

Ionization energy does not vary among metals.

Metals generally have low ionization energies.

Ionization energy refers to the energy needed to gain electrons.

What is the role of electronegativity in chemical bonding?

A higher electronegativity means an element can attract electrons more effectively. (correct)

Electronegativity determines the number of protons in an atom.

Electronegativity refers to the energy required to remove an electron from an atom.

Electronegativity is constant across the periodic table.

When forming ionic bonds, how is the charge of the compound maintained?

By balancing the number of metal and nonmetal atoms to achieve neutrality. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps is crucial in writing a balanced chemical equation?

Starting with a balanced skeleton equation before adjusting coefficients. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a substance in chemistry?

Matter that has a uniform and definite composition Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about elements is false?

Elements can be broken down into simpler substances Signup and view all the answers

What type of compound is formed by combining two or more elements chemically?

Molecular compound Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a heterogeneous mixture?

Components are easily distinguishable Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about chemical properties is accurate?

Chemical properties describe a substance’s ability to undergo a specific chemical change Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the mass of products in a chemical reaction compared to the mass of reactants?

The mass of products is equal to that of reactants Signup and view all the answers

What accurately distinguishes a molecular compound from other compounds?

Formed by covalent bonds between atoms Signup and view all the answers

What particles make up the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a homogenous mixture?

Kool-Aid Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding Bohr's Model is true?

Bohr's Model describes fixed energy levels for electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the shape of S orbitals?

Spherical Signup and view all the answers

What does the quantum mechanical model primarily provide information about?

The location probability of electrons Signup and view all the answers

How is the atomic number of an element defined?

The number of protons in the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which particle has a relative charge of 1-?

Electron Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true of D orbitals?

They can contain a maximum of 10 electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the relationship between energy levels and quantum of energy?

Energy levels are determined by quantum of energy. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a chemical change?

The transfer of energy, change in color, production of gas, or formation of a precipitate Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately defines absolute zero?

The lowest temperature where no motion and heat exists Signup and view all the answers

What describes a liquid's behavior in terms of shape?

A liquid conforms to the shape of its container while maintaining a fixed volume Signup and view all the answers

According to Dalton's Atomic Theory, what is true about atoms of different elements?

They differ in elemental composition and mass Signup and view all the answers

What discovery was made from Thomson's cathode ray tube experiment?

Atoms contain negatively charged electrons Signup and view all the answers

What was demonstrated by Rutherford's gold foil experiment?

Most of an atom consists of empty space Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding physical changes?

Physical changes can occur without altering the substance's composition Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes ionic solids?

They are composed of positively and negatively charged ions Signup and view all the answers

What describes the ground state of an atom?

Electrons occupy the lowest energy level. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when an atom's electron moves to a higher energy level?

The atom enters an excited state. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the elements in Group 18 of the periodic table?

They all have 8 electrons in their outermost energy level. Signup and view all the answers

How can you determine the number of valence electrons for Groups 1 and 2?

By using the last number of the group number. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct regarding alkali metals?

They are very reactive due to losing one valence electron. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes metalloids?

They exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of formation of cations?

Losing electrons to become positively charged. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the atomic radius of an element?

The distance between the two nuclei in a bond. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the 'P' orbital at the second energy level?

6 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding valence electrons?

They are located in the highest occupied energy level of an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an atom that has gained electrons and has a negative charge?

Anion Signup and view all the answers

What does the Octet Rule dictate about atoms when forming compounds?

Atoms seek to have eight valence electrons like noble gases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the atomic mass unit (amu)?

It equals one-twelfth of a carbon-12 atom's mass. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of transition metals, what is the Stock System used for?

Naming ions based on their oxidation states. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when an electron absorbs energy and moves to a higher energy level?

Excited State Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a polyatomic ion?

It can only be formed from metals. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Matter

Matter has mass and volume (air is matter)
A substance has a uniform and definite composition.
Every sample of a substance has identical intensive properties.

Elements

The purest form of a substance that cannot be broken down further.
Made up of only one type of atom.
Building blocks of all other matter.

Compounds

A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion.
Can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Properties of compounds are different from those of their component elements.
Ionic compounds are made of cations and anions.
Molecular compounds are made of covalent bonds.

Mixtures

A blend of two or more compounds.
Classified as heterogeneous or homogeneous.
Heterogeneous mixtures have a non-uniform composition (salad, oil and water).
Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition (a solution, Kool-Aid, iced tea).

Chemical Properties

Ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change.
Chemical changes always change the composition of matter.
A precipitate is a solid formed and settled in a liquid mixture.
The mass of the products in a reaction equals the mass of the reactants.
One or more substances change into new substances during a chemical reaction.

Physical Properties

Quality or condition of a substance that can be observed without changing its composition.
Physical changes can be reversible or irreversible.
Mass is conserved in physical changes.
Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature (0 Kelvin, -273.15 °C).

Solids

Major types include ionic, molecular, covalent, and metallic.
Ionic solids are composed of positively and negatively charged ions.

Liquids

A state of matter that flows and takes the shape of its container.

Democritus

Believed atoms were indivisible and indestructible.

Dalton

Atomic Theory:
- All elements are composed of atoms.
- Atoms of the same element are identical.
- Atoms of different elements have different masses.
- Compounds are formed by the combination of atoms of different elements.

Cathode Ray Tube

Discovered electrons.
Electrons are negatively charged.

Gold Foil Experiment

Discovered the nucleus - a dense, positively charged core in the atom.
Atoms are mostly empty space.
Protons are positively charged and neutrons have no charge.

Planetary Model (Bohr Model)

Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels.
Electrons can move between energy levels by absorbing or emitting energy.

Wave Mechanical Model (Quantum Mechanical Model)

Electrons do not orbit the nucleus in fixed orbits.
Electrons are found in orbitals regions of space where there's a high probability of finding an electron.

Orbitals

Regions in space where an electron is likely to be found.
Different shapes for different types of orbitals (s, p, d, f).

Electrons

Negatively charged subatomic particles.

Neutrons

Neutrally charged subatomic particles.

Protons

Positively charged subatomic particles.

Atomic Number

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Never changes in a chemical reaction.

Energy Levels

Electrons are arranged in energy levels around the nucleus.
Valence electrons are those in the outermost energy level, crucial for bonding.
The octet rule: atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outermost shell (8 electrons).

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell.
Important in bonding and chemical reactions.

Ions

Atoms or groups of atoms with a net electric charge (either positive or negative).

Ionization Energy

Energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion.

Electronegativity

Ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

Ionic Bonds

Formed between a metal and a nonmetal by the transfer of electrons.

Balancing Equations

Coefficients are used to balance chemical equations.
Mass is conserved during chemical reactions.

Atomic Mass Units (amu)

Used to measure the mass of atoms.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Atomic Emission Spectra

Frequencies of light emitted by an element.

Periodic Table

Arrangement of elements by atomic number.
Periods are rows, groups are columns.

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Explore the fundamental concepts of matter, elements, compounds, and mixtures in this engaging quiz. Understand the differences between pure substances, their properties, and the various ways they can combine. Test your knowledge on the nature of chemical properties and how they define each substance.