Elements and Nucleosynthesis in the Universe

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Questions and Answers

Carl Sagan said, "We are made of star stuff." Which element is the lightest, the most abundant in the universe, and is also found in humans?

  • lithium
  • iron
  • helium
  • hydrogen (correct)

Heavier elements are created in different types of stars as they die or explode. What is the process that is produced inside the stars that transforms hydrogen into helium, heat, and radiation?

  • proton and neutron
  • nucleus
  • star nucleosynthesis (correct)
  • stellar nucleosynthesis

Scientists believe that the Big Bang theory has some stages in the formation of the universe which began through the eruption/blasting of the universe. What sequence of events best describes the widely accepted stages in the formation of the universe?

  • Singularity, Inflation, Nucleosynthesis Recombination (correct)
  • Primordial Singularity, Nucleosynthesis, Recombination
  • Expansion, Singularity, Nucleosynthesis, Singularity
  • Expansion, recombination, nucleosynthesis, Recombination

Protons and neutrons combined in the center of the star and formed the lightest to heavier elements, which was eventually followed by the different elements in the periodic table and the formation of molecules/compounds. How does this molecule/compound form?

<p>chemical bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is a device that is used to speed up the protons to overcome the repulsion between the protons and the target atomic nuclei by using magnetic and electrical fields.

<p>Cyclotron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a chemical reaction which among the choices is the term used when two or more nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei?

<p>nuclear fusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using electron configuration, what is the highest energy level and the number of electrons of sulfur?

<p>4,8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an experiment, it was observed that oil was immiscible with water, same behavior when it was combined with vinegar but when water was added to vinegar, they were miscible. What does this mean?

<p>Polar substances are miscible when combined with polar substances. Nonpolar substances are immiscible with polar substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What covalent bond is present if the electronegativity difference between atoms is equal/balance?

<p>Polar covalent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polar bonds form when two atoms equally share electrons on all sides of a molecule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The following phrase generalizes that substances could easily be dissolved by polar solvents. polar solvents dissolve the polar solute. nonpolar and polar covalent compounds dissolve polar solvents. polar solutes and covalent compounds dissolve polar solvents. non- polar solutes dissolve polar solutes.

<p>Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Star Stuff (Humans)

Humans are made from elements created in stars.

Lightest & Most Abundant

Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe and in humans.

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

The process where stars make heavier elements from lighter ones.

Big Bang Stages

The universe formed in stages: Singularity, Inflation, Nucleosynthesis, and Recombination.

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Chemical Bond

The force that holds atoms together in molecules/compounds.

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Particle Accelerator

A device speeding up particles to study them.

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Nuclear Fusion

Two nuclei joining to form heavier nuclei.

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Electron Configuration of Sulfur

Sulfur has 4 energy levels and 16 electrons (4th , 8th electrons).

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Miscible Substances

Substances that mix completely.

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Polar Solvents & Polar Solutes

Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes.

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Study Notes

Elements in the Universe

  • Carl Sagan said "We are made of star stuff"
  • Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe and found in humans

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

  • Heavier elements are created in stars as they die or explode
  • Stellar nucleosynthesis is the process where stars transform hydrogen into helium, and other elements

Big Bang Theory

  • Scientists believe the Big Bang theory has stages: expansion, recombination, nucleosynthesis
  • Stages in order of the theory: Primordial, singularity, Nucleosynthesis, Recombination, Singularity, Inflation, Nucleosynthesis Recombination

Formation of Molecules/Compounds

  • Protons and neutrons combine in stars to form the lighter elements, followed by heavier elements
  • This process is called nucleosynthesis and creates the elements on the periodic table and molecules/compounds

Particle Accelerators

  • Cyclotron is a device to speed up protons to overcome repulsion between protons and atomic nuclei using magnetic and electrical fields.

Nuclear Fusion

  • Nuclear fusion is when two or more nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei

Electron Configuration of Sulfur

  • The highest energy level and number of electrons in Sulfur is 3,4

Miscibility of Liquids

  • Polar substances are miscible when combined with polar substances
  • Polarity of bonds and molecular geometry affect the polarity of molecules
  • Polar bonds form when atoms equally share electrons

Dissolving Substances

  • Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes easily
  • Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes easily

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