368 Questions
What is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element?
Atoms
Which of the following is NOT an essential element for life?
Gold (Au)
When atoms of different elements bond together, they form a ____________.
Molecule
What category are compounds placed into based on their composition?
Inorganic
Which type of bond allows atoms to form molecules?
Covalent bonds
Which of the following elements is categorized as an essential element for life?
Calcium (Ca)
What are the primary functions of carbohydrates?
Energy storage, structural roles, and energy provision through cellular respiration
Where are unsaturated fats typically found?
In plant products
Which essential role do proteins play in biological functions?
Structural support, enzyme catalysis, and immune protection
Why are nucleic acids like DNA and RNA essential?
For genetic information storage and processing
Which process can overuse of inorganic fertilizers lead to?
Eutrophication
What element is essential for thyroid hormone production?
Iodine
Which lipid type is typically solid at room temperature?
Saturated fats
What are the main components of lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What do micro-elements like iron and manganese contribute to in plants?
Chlorophyll production and metabolic reactions
How can the negative effects of fertilizers on the environment be mitigated?
Adopting precision application techniques
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
To regulate the movement of substances
Which of the following is a characteristic unique to plant cells?
Presence of chloroplasts
What is the purpose of the coarse and fine adjustment knobs in a light microscope?
To focus the specimen
What is the name of the process by which the actual size of objects can be deduced from micrographs?
Size estimation from micrographs
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
To house DNA and direct cellular activities
What is the name of the channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells?
Plasmodesmata
What is the maximum magnification achievable by electron microscopes?
50 million times
Which of the following is NOT a component of a light microscope?
Scale bar
What is the name of the theory that states all living organisms are composed of cells?
Cell Theory
What is the purpose of Benedict's and Fehling's tests?
To identify reducing sugars
What is the role of Vitamin A in the body?
Crucial for visual health and immune function
Which vitamin is essential for bone and teeth mineralization?
Vitamin D
What is the deficiency disease caused by lack of Vitamin C?
Scurvy
What is the role of Vitamin E in the body?
To protect cells from oxidative stress
Which test is used to identify starch?
Starch test with iodine
What is the main goal of the RDA?
To provide a guideline for nutrients intake
What is the role of Vitamin B Complex in the body?
Facilitates a wide range of metabolic processes
What is the deficiency disease caused by lack of Vitamin D?
Rickets
What is the purpose of the tests for organic compounds?
To help identify and study the properties and functions of vital organic compounds
What is the function of the nucleus in a plant cell?
Stores genetic material and controls the cell's activities
What is the primary function of the rough ER in plant cells?
Protein synthesis and processing
What is the main difference between plant and animal cells in terms of vacuoles?
Plant cells have a large central vacuole for storage and maintaining cell rigidity
What is the significance of cells in the context of life functions?
They are the building blocks of life
What is unique to plant cells?
Photosynthesis
What is the primary structure of the cell membrane composed of?
Phospholipid bilayer
What is the function of microvilli and pseudopodia in the cell membrane?
Assisting in processes like nutrient intake, waste removal, and cell adhesion
What type of transport involves the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
What is the fluid mosaic model describing?
The dynamic and fluid structure of the cell membrane
What is the caloric content of proteins and carbohydrates per gram?
4 calories
How many micrograms of Vitamin A are recommended daily for males aged 19-30?
900 micrograms
What technique was introduced to enhance the visibility of internal cell structures?
Chemical staining
What medical condition can malnutrition lead to?
Obesity
What type of microscope marked a revolutionary step in visualizing internal cell structures?
Electron microscope
How many calories per gram does fat provide?
9 calories
Who is credited for discovering plant cells in 1665?
Robert Hooke
What does RDA stand for in the context of nutrition?
Recommended Dietary Allowance
What type of microscope uses lenses to magnify objects?
Compound microscope
What is the recommended daily intake for proteins for adult males (19-30 years)?
56 g
What is the primary difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds typically bond with hydrogen atoms while inorganic compounds do not.
What are the four primary organic compounds found in living organisms?
Carbohydrates, fats, DNA, and RNA.
Which organic compound is responsible for energy storage and structural functions?
Carbohydrates
What inorganic compound is essential for structural support in animals such as jellyfish?
Water
Which property of water makes it the 'universal solvent'?
Its ability to dissolve more substances than any other liquid.
Which category of minerals is required in larger quantities by humans and animals?
Macro-elements
What is the role of water in temperature regulation?
Water helps organisms maintain a stable internal temperature due to its high heat capacity.
What is the primary function of proteins in living organisms?
Building cellular structures and acting as enzymes
Which inorganic compound is essential for nerve transmission?
Sodium chloride
What is the term for the chemical reaction where water breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones?
Hydrolysis
Which process moves molecules against their concentration gradient without energy input?
Carrier-Facilitated Transport
What cellular components enhance absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the cell membrane?
Microvilli
In which phase of the cell cycle does cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, get duplicated?
G1 Phase
During which phase of the cell cycle does each chromosome duplicate, resulting in two sister chromatids?
S Phase (Synthesis Phase)
Which process involves the uptake of liquids in cells?
Pinocytosis
In which phase of the cell cycle do nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes at the poles?
Telophase
What is the main purpose of the surface area to volume ratio in a cell?
Acquiring nutrients and disposing of waste
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by chromosomes becoming visible and the nuclear envelope disintegrating?
Prophase
Which phase of mitosis involves chromatids being pulled apart and moved to opposite poles of the cell?
Anaphase
Which process do ions like sodium and potassium use for maintaining essential cellular functions?
Active transport
Which statement is true regarding atoms and molecules?
Atoms with different properties bond through covalent bonds to form molecules.
What is the defining characteristic of an atom?
Atomic structure including the arrangement of electrons
Why are some compounds not classified as molecules?
They are formed through ionic rather than covalent bonds.
What is the fundamental difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
Inorganic compounds do not contain Carbon-Hydrogen bonds.
Why can a compound be considered a molecule but not vice versa?
Some molecules are composed of identical atoms.
What defines a molecule?
The smallest particle that retains its chemical properties.
What function is unique to plant cells compared to animal cells?
Photosynthesis
Which organelle is primarily responsible for converting glucose into ATP in both plant and animal cells?
Mitochondria
In the context of organelle functions, what is the primary role of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Protein synthesis
What is a key feature of the fluid mosaic model description of the cell membrane?
Dynamic and fluid structure
Which structure of the cell membrane assists in processes like nutrient intake and waste removal?
Microvilli and pseudopodia
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in both plant and animal cells?
Modification and packaging of proteins and lipids
Which process involves the passive transport of molecules from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration?
Simple diffusion
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in plant and animal cells?
Synthesis of lipids
Which cellular organelle is primarily involved in controlling the cell's activities and storing genetic material?
Nucleus
What is the main function of the central vacuole in plant cells in comparison to animal cells?
Storage and maintaining cell rigidity
What is the energy content in kcal of a food item that contains 10 grams of proteins, 20 grams of carbohydrates, and 15 grams of fat?
290 kcal
Which of the following is a disease that can result from malnutrition?
Kwashiorkor
What is the main difference between vitamins and minerals in the context of nutrient guidelines?
Vitamins are organic compounds while minerals are inorganic compounds
What is the recommended daily intake of Vitamin C for adult males according to the text?
75 mg
Which nutrient is crucial for muscle repair and growth?
Protein
What is the main quality of a balanced diet?
Includes appropriate quantities of food types
Which macronutrient serves as the body’s main energy source?
Carbohydrates
In the context of cells, Electron Microscopy revolutionized the study by providing high magnification and resolution. What did early microscopes lack compared to electron microscopes?
Limited magnification and resolution
How did the discovery of cells impact the field of microbiology?
It initiated the study of microorganisms
What did Robert Hooke observe in 1665 that contributed to the understanding of cellular structure?
Plant cells in cork
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?
Energy storage and structural functions
What percentage of a cell's mass is composed of water and mineral salts?
40%
What is unique about water's solvent properties?
It can dissolve more substances than any other liquid
What is the primary difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
The presence or absence of carbon-hydrogen bonds
What role do nucleic acids play in genetic information?
Storage and transmission
What is the function of water in the maintenance of life?
All of the above
What type of compounds make up the majority of a cell's mass?
Organic compounds
What is the role of proteins in living organisms?
Building cellular structures, acting as enzymes, and numerous other functions
What is an example of an inorganic compound that lacks hydrogen?
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
What is the percentage of proteins in a human's body composition?
18%
What is the primary source of Vitamin D?
Dairy products and synthesis in skin exposed to sunlight
Which vitamin is important for collagen formation for tissue repair and supporting immune function?
Vitamin C
Which chemical test results in a blue-black color, indicating the presence of which organic compound?
Starch test with iodine for starch
Which vitamin deficiency can cause impaired wound healing and bleeding gums?
Vitamin C deficiency (Scurvy)
Which of these organic compounds is crucial for visual health and immune function?
Vitamin A
Which vitamin is essential for bone and teeth mineralization by enhancing the absorption of crucial minerals like calcium and phosphate?
Vitamin D
What does RDA stand for in the context of nutrition?
Recommended Daily Allowance
Which vitamin is crucial for a wide range of metabolic processes, including carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism?
Vitamin B complex
From which food sources can you mainly get Vitamin B complex?
Nuts, cereals, grains, egg yolk, and liver
Which of these vitamins is a powerful antioxidant that functions to protect cells from oxidative stress?
Vitamin E
What is the main function of the spindle fibers during mitosis?
Separating chromosomes during division
Which organelle is responsible for converting solar energy into chemical energy in plant cells?
Chloroplasts
What is the role of the cell wall in plant cells?
Providing rigidity and shape
Which component of a light microscope is used for adjusting the focus of the specimen?
Coarse and fine adjustment knobs
What is the maximum magnification achievable by electron microscopes?
50,000,000x
Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris in animal cells?
Lysosomes
What is the recommended daily intake of protein for adult males (19-30 years)?
60-100 g
Which element is essential for thyroid hormone production?
Iodine
Which of the following elements is categorized as an essential element for life?
Zinc
Which of the following is NOT an essential element for life?
Titanium
What is the primary difference between micro-elements and macro-elements in terms of their required quantities for humans and animals?
Macro-elements are required in larger quantities while micro-elements are required in smaller quantities.
What is the environmental impact of overusing fertilizers?
Overusing fertilizers can lead to eutrophication and disrupt entire ecosystems.
Which type of lipid is typically solid at room temperature?
Saturated fats
Which organic compound is involved in storing genetic information?
Nucleic acids
Which main class of organic compounds includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids?
Lipids
What is the primary function of chlorophyll in plants?
Regulating photosynthesis
Which essential mineral contributes to oxygen transport in hemoglobin?
Iron
How do precise application techniques of fertilizers help reduce their environmental impact?
By reducing nutrient overload and ensuring more effective nutrient absorption by plants.
What is the role of DNA in the cell?
Storing the genetic blueprint and instructions for protein synthesis.
Which type of organic compound is responsible for building and maintaining cell structures?
Proteins
Which type of transport requires energy in the form of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient?
Active transport
Which cellular structure is involved in the uptake of larger particles?
Phagocytic vesicles
What is the primary function of the G1 phase during interphase?
Duplication of cellular contents, excluding chromosomes
What causes the surface area to volume ratio to decrease, leading to less efficient material exchange with the environment?
Increase in cell size
What is the primary function of the G2 phase during interphase?
Growth and production of new proteins
Which cellular structure is responsible for enhancing the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the cell membrane?
Microvilli
During which phase of the cell cycle does the nuclear envelope reform around each set of chromosomes?
Telophase
Which type of molecules pass through the cell membrane via simple diffusion?
Lipid-soluble molecules
Which mechanism allows the cell membrane to maintain an efficient functioning and coordination of cellular activities?
Integration with the endoplasmic reticulum
Which cellular structure is not involved in uptake of substances?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Which mineral nutrient is essential for enhancing oxygen transport?
Iodine
What is the primary function of lipids in living organisms?
Energy storage
Which organic compound is essential for chlorophyll production?
Iron
In what form are unsaturated fats typically found?
Liquid
What functions do macro-nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium serve?
Photosynthesis
Which class of organic compounds is primarily composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds?
Proteins
How can overuse of inorganic fertilisers negatively impact the environment?
Cause hypoxic conditions in aquatic life
What are the primary roles of carbohydrates in living organisms?
Energy storage
Which vitamin plays a significant role in enhancing the absorption of minerals like calcium and phosphate?
Vitamin D
What environmental issue can result from the overuse of fertilisers?
Eutrophication
What is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element?
Atom
What is formed when atoms of different elements bond together?
Compound
What is the type of bond that forms between atoms to form molecules?
Covalent bond
Which of the following is an essential element for life?
Calcium (Ca)
What is the nucleus of an atom composed of?
Protons and neutrons
What is the key difference between molecules and compounds?
Molecules are composed of the same element, while compounds are composed of different elements
What key advancements distinguish Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) from traditional microscopes?
They use beams of electrons instead of light for magnification.
What foundational principles does cell theory propose?
All living organisms are composed of cells and cells arise from pre-existing cells.
What differentiates the light microscope’s handling and care requirements from other microscopes?
Light microscopes have different lens cleaning requirements than electron microscopes.
How is magnification calculated in a light microscope?
By multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens by the objective lens.
In the context of microscopy, what do scale bars provided in micrographs help determine?
The actual size of objects in the micrograph.
What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?
To provide structural strength and protection.
What distinctive feature in animal cells provides support during cell division and the formation of spindle fibers?
Centrioles
What function do chloroplasts serve in plant cells?
Conduct photosynthesis to convert solar energy into chemical energy.
Which organelle in animal cells contains digestive enzymes that break down waste materials?
Lysosomes
What distinctive characteristic of animal cells allows them to have varying shapes and form complex structures?
Centrioles
What is the primary function of Vitamin C in the human body?
Supports iron metabolism, immune function, and collagen formation for tissue repair
Which of the following tests is used to identify the presence of starch?
Starch test with iodine
What is the primary function of proteins in the body?
To provide structure and support
Which vitamin is essential for bone and teeth mineralization?
Vitamin D
What is the purpose of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)?
To provide a guideline for nutrients intake that will prevent deficiency diseases
Which of the following is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of Vitamin A?
Night blindness
What is the primary role of Vitamin E in the body?
To function as an antioxidant protecting cells from oxidative stress
What do Benedict's and Fehling's tests detect?
The presence of reducing sugars
What is the primary source of Vitamin D?
Dairy products, egg yolk, liver, and synthesis in skin exposed to sunlight
What is the importance of a varied diet?
To support specific functions, highlighting the importance of a varied diet to meet all nutritional needs
What is a characteristic that distinguishes organic compounds from inorganic compounds?
Presence of carbon-hydrogen bonds
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Energy storage and structural functions
What percentage of the human body is composed of water?
60-70%
What is the function of water in Sweat and transpiration in humans and plants respectively?
Temperature regulation
What is a category of inorganic elements required by living organisms to perform critical metabolic functions?
Minerals
What is the name of the process where water breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones?
Hydrolysis
What is the percentage of a cell's mass composed of proteins?
18%
What is a characteristic unique to plant cells?
Ability to perform photosynthesis
What is a primary component of bodily fluids, facilitating the transport of nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and other substances crucial for organism survival?
Water
What is the primary role of water as a solvent?
Allowing various solutes to interact within cells and across cellular membranes
What is the primary function of carrier-facilitated transport?
Move substances against their concentration gradient without energy input
Which type of transport is used for lipid-soluble molecules?
Simple diffusion
What is the purpose of microvilli?
To increase the surface area of the cell membrane
What is the significance of the surface area to volume ratio in cell division?
It impacts the cell's ability to acquire nutrients and dispose of waste effectively
What happens during the S phase of interphase?
Each chromosome is duplicated by the cell, resulting in two sister chromatids held together by a centromere
What is the primary function of interphase?
To prepare the cell for mitosis
During which phase of mitosis do chromatids are pulled apart and moved to opposite poles of the cell?
Anaphase
What is the purpose of the mitotic phase?
To divide the cell
What happens to the nuclear envelope during prophase?
It begins to disintegrate
What is the primary function of pinocytotic and phagocytic vesicles?
To take up liquids and larger particles
Which vitamin is found in fortified cereals and is crucial for bone health?
Calcium
How many calories per gram does protein provide?
4 calories
What is the primary function of iron in the body, as indicated by the text?
Blood health
Which food type in a balanced diet is the major source of the body’s energy?
Carbohydrates
What improves the clarity and magnification of cellular structures in light microscopy?
Sophisticated light microscopes
What cellular structure enhances the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the cell membrane?
Microvilli
What technique was used to enhance the visibility of internal cell structures in microscopy?
Chemical staining
What scientific advancement marked a revolutionary step in microscopy with much higher magnification and resolution?
Electron microscopy
Which nutrient is the primary source of long-term energy storage and hormone production?
Fats
Which nutrient is crucial for the production of hemoglobin and enzymes in the body?
Iron
Which organelle in both plant and animal cells is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
Which process occurs only in plant cells and is responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy?
Photosynthesis
What is the main difference between the functions of vacuoles in plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have smaller vacuoles primarily for storage and transport
Which major component of the cell membrane plays a role in cell recognition and signaling?
Carbohydrates
According to the fluid mosaic model, which characteristic of the cell membrane enables the cell to adapt and respond to the environment?
Flexibility and constant motion of lipids and proteins
Which type of transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient with the help of energy input?
Active transport
Which type of microscope allows scientists to view essential internal cell structures?
Electron microscope
Which inorganic compound is essential for nerve transmission in the human body?
Sodium
Which compound is responsible for providing essential structural support in animals such as jellyfish?
Silica
Which vitamin plays a significant role as a powerful antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress?
Vitamin E
What is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element?
Atom
What type of bond forms between atoms to form molecules?
Covalent bond
What is the term for a molecule composed of different elements?
Compound
What is the characteristic that defines an element?
All of the above
What is the category of compounds that includes H2O?
Inorganic compound
What is the term for the smallest particle of a substance that retains its chemical properties?
Molecule
What is the primary function of lipids in living organisms?
Energy storage and insulation
Which of the following is true about inorganic fertilizers?
They contain chemicals like nitrates and phosphates
In the context of plant nutrition, what is the role of micro-elements like manganese?
Chlorophyll production
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes saturated fats from unsaturated fats?
Number of hydrogen atoms
Which mineral nutrient is crucial for oxygen transport in hemoglobin?
Zinc
What can happen with excessive use of inorganic fertilizers?
Lead to eutrophication
What is the primary function of proteins in living organisms?
Structural support and enzyme catalysis
Which molecules compose the majority of a cell's mass, along with water and mineral salts?
Proteins
Why are nucleic acids important for living organisms?
Genetic information storage and processing
Which nutrient group is essential for growth and metabolic functions like photosynthesis?
Macro-nutrients
In terms of elemental composition, what distinguishes organic compounds from inorganic compounds?
Presence of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen
What Revolutionary advancements in microscopy led to the creation of Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)?
Beams of electrons instead of light
What role does water play in cellular biochemistry due to its unique properties?
Removal of waste products
What is a common environmental issue associated with excessive fertilizer usage?
Eutrophication of water bodies
What fundamental statement does cell theory posit?
All cells originate from pre-existing cells
Which component is crucial for magnification calculation in a light microscope?
Magnification power of the ocular lens
Which inorganic compound is essential for various biological functions despite lacking carbon-hydrogen bonds?
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
What key feature distinguishes plant cells from animal cells?
Possession of chloroplasts and a cell wall
Which organic compound is crucial for structural functions and energy storage in living organisms?
Fats
What is the main function of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA in living organisms?
Enzyme production
Which significant organelles play a central role in photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
What distinguishes water as the 'universal solvent' in cellular biochemistry?
Lubrication properties
What cellular structure acts as a barrier regulating substance movement in and out of the cell?
Cell membrane
Which specialized structures within cells perform distinct processes vital for cell function and maintenance?
Organelles
Which element is not present in the chemical composition of all organic compounds?
Nitrogen
Which compounds are defined by their simple chemical structures that lack carbon-hydrogen bonds?
Water (H2O)
What is the primary function of centrioles in animal cells?
Cell division
What is the primary role of fats in living organisms?
Genetic information storage
Why is the absence of a cell wall an essential characteristic of animal cells?
To form complex cell shapes
What central role do lysosomes play within cells?
Waste elimination
What is the primary role of Vitamin B complex in the body according to the text?
Facilitates metabolic processes and red blood cell production
Which of the following foods is NOT listed as a source of Vitamin A in the text?
Peanut butter
Which deficiency disease is NOT correctly paired with its associated Vitamin B complex component?
Night blindness - B6
What is the primary function of Vitamin D as stated in the text?
Enhances mineral absorption and bone health
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a source of Vitamin C in the text?
Carrots
Which lipid-related test method is specifically NOT mentioned in the text for identifying fats and oils?
Benedict's test
What specific function of Vitamin E is highlighted in the text?
Acts as an antioxidant protecting cells from oxidative stress
Which food source is listed in the text for providing Vitamin B Complex?
Egg yolk
Which severe deficiency disease is associated with Vitamin A as described in the text?
Night blindness
What is the primary role of starch as indicated by the chemical test explanation in the text?
Confirms presence of starch
What is the primary purpose of nutrient guidelines in labeling?
To ensure food manufacturers list nutrient contents on food packages
How is the energy value of a food item calculated?
By adding the caloric contributions from each macronutrient
What is a characteristic of a balanced diet?
Consuming a variety of food types in appropriate quantities and proportions
What is a cause of malnutrition?
Not eating enough food
What is the RDA value for Vitamin A for adult males?
900 micrograms
What is the primary function of fat in the body?
Long-term energy storage and hormone production
What was a significant advancement in microscopy?
The introduction of electron microscopy
What is a characteristic of a hard-boiled egg?
High protein content
What is the purpose of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)?
To provide a recommended daily intake of nutrients
What is the caloric content of a macronutrient?
Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/g, Protein: 4 kcal/g, Fat: 9 kcal/g
What is the primary mechanism by which lipid-soluble molecules, oxygen, and carbon dioxide pass through the cell membrane?
Simple diffusion
What is the primary role of the G1 phase in the cell cycle?
Cell growth and protein synthesis
What is the consequence of a cell's surface area to volume ratio becoming too low?
Inefficient material exchange with the environment
In which phase of the cell cycle do chromosomes condense and become visible?
Prophase
What is the primary function of microvilli?
Increase the surface area of the cell membrane
What is the primary difference between carrier-facilitated transport and active transport?
Energy requirement
During which phase of the cell cycle do sister chromatids separate?
Anaphase
What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum in relation to the cell membrane?
Material transfer and signaling
What is the primary consequence of a cell's inability to regulate its surface area to volume ratio?
Inefficient material exchange with the environment
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in relation to the cell membrane?
Structural support
Which organelle in plant cells is responsible for maintaining cell rigidity and is not found in animal cells?
Vacuole
What is the primary source of energy in both plant and animal cells, generated through cellular respiration?
ATP
Which of the following is true about the movement of molecules through the cell membrane via osmosis?
Water molecules move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
Which organelle(s) participates in the synthesis and processing of proteins in both plant and animal cells?
Nucleus and ribosomes
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in both plant and animal cells?
Modification, sorting and packaging of proteins and lipids for storage or transport
What is not a key feature of plant cells that enables them to support themselves structurally compared to animal cells?
Microtubule-organizing centers
What is NOT an essential component of the cell membrane, involved in the selective permeability and function of cells?
Nucleic acids
What is the primary difference in function between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion in cells?
Facilitated diffusion requires specific carrier proteins.
Which organelle in plant cells is responsible for the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, which is not found in animal cells?
Chloroplasts
What is the fundamental concept of the cell theory as it relates to the study of cells?
Cells are the basic building blocks of life, and cellular processes underpin the life functions of all organisms.
What type of therapy employs radiation to destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue?
Radiotherapy
Which of the following traditional remedies is commonly used alongside conventional treatments to support overall health and well-being?
Teas from Cancer Bush or African wild potato
What lifestyle modification is suggested to reduce cancer risk by avoiding known carcinogens?
Excessive sun exposure
In cancer prevention, what is an example of a complementary approach that aims to enhance quality of life and manage side effects?
Combining conventional treatments with natural remedies
For early cancer detection, which type of screening method involves routine medical checks like mammograms and colonoscopies?
Regular screening tests based on familial risk and age
What is a common side effect of cancer treatment mentioned in the text besides hair loss?
Joint pain
Which specific stage of mitosis in animal cells involves the formation of a mitotic spindle due to the migration of centrosomes?
Prophase
In animal cells, which structure plays a significant role in the alignment of chromosomes at the cell's equator during the process of mitosis?
Spindle fibers
Which type of unicellular organism utilizes mitosis as a means of reproduction by employing mechanisms like binary fission and budding?
Bacteria and protists
Where is mitotic activity particularly prominent in plants, contributing significantly to cellular growth and differentiation?
Apical and lateral meristems
Which process does DNA replication happen during the cell cycle of eukaryotes?
Interphase
In multicellular organisms, what is a primary advantage of cellular turnover, which involves the regular replacement of worn-out or damaged cells?
Maintenance of tissue integrity and function
What is a critical and dangerous characteristic of cancer cells?
Invading other tissues and spreading throughout the body
What is the primary mechanism by which lipid-soluble molecules, oxygen, and carbon dioxide pass through the cell membrane?
Membrane transport
During which phase of mitosis are individual chromatids split at the centromere?
Anaphase
What type of cancer originates in the epithelial cells covering organs, glands, and skin?
Carcinoma
Which type of cell division involves the separation of chromosomes into two identical sets, producing genetically identical daughter cells?
Mitosis
What is the formation of new blood vessels that supply nutrients to tumors and facilitate the spread of cancer cells?
Angiogenesis
Which vital aspect of scientific and medical studies is to understand and control cellular growth and division by targeting each phase of mitosis?
Cancer research
What are the structural components of a cell that facilitate adaptations due to the presence of a cell wall in plant cells?
Microfilaments
Which crucial organelle plays a central role in photosynthesis by converting light energy into chemical energy?
Chloroplast
Which significant medical strategy involves utilizing chemicals to kill cancer cells by targeting their ability to divide rapidly?
Chemotherapy
What is the primary function of mitosis in certain unicellular organisms like bacteria and protists?
Reproduction through mechanisms like binary fission and budding
Where is mitotic activity commonly observed in plants?
Only in the stem tip and lateral meristem
What is the purpose of the centrosome in prophase?
To migrate to opposite poles of the cell
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the cell's equator?
Metaphase
What is the outcome of cellular turnover in multicellular organisms?
Replacement of worn-out or damaged cells
What is the primary function of centrioles in mitosis?
To form the mitotic spindle
What is the primary goal of cancer prevention strategies?
To reduce cancer risk through lifestyle choices and regular screenings
What is the main advantage of radiotherapy over chemotherapy?
It targets the tumor to minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissue
What is the purpose of traditional remedies in cancer treatment?
To support overall health and wellbeing
What is a common side effect of cancer treatment?
Hair loss
What is the most notable difference in the process of cytokinesis between plant and animal cells during mitosis?
Formation of cell plate in plant cells
What is the purpose of regular screenings in cancer prevention?
To diagnose cancer at an early stage
Which phase of mitosis is primarily characterized by the split of chromosomes at the centromere, leading to the formation of daughter chromatids?
Anaphase
Which cellular component is absent in plant cells during mitosis, leading to adaptations in the spindle apparatus formation?
Centrioles
What is a lifestyle modification that can help reduce cancer risk?
Avoiding known carcinogens
What is a critical characteristic of cancer cells related to their invasion and spread throughout the body?
Metastasis
Which is one of the main sources of Vitamin A deficiency diseases, such as increasing the risk of breast cancer?
Inherited genetic mutations
What is the primary characteristic distinguishing carcinomas from other types of cancer?
Originating in epithelial cells
Which is a common misconception that influences attitudes and approaches to the treatment of cancer?
Fatalism
What is the primary function of chemotherapy in conventional cancer treatments?
Kills cancer cells by inhibiting their division
What is the environmental factor that can trigger cancer by damaging DNA through exposure?
UV light
Which distinguishing feature allows normal cells to stop dividing in response to specific signals, unlike cancer cells?
Unresponsive to growth inhibition
What can be a side effect of chemotherapy in conventional cancer treatments?
Hair loss
Which cancer treatment minimizes damage to surrounding healthy tissue?
Radiotherapy
Which approach combines medical treatments with natural remedies to enhance quality of life and manage side effects?
Complementary approaches
Which lifestyle modification is recommended to reduce cancer risk?
Protecting skin from excessive sun exposure
Which regular screening is recommended for early detection of breast cancer?
Mammogram
Which African plant is used as a traditional remedy alongside conventional treatments?
African wild potato
In which part of the plant does mitosis typically occur?
Apical meristem
What happens during the interphase stage of mitosis?
Chromatin duplicates and becomes thick
What is the function of mitosis in unicellular organisms?
Reproduction
Where is mitotic activity prominent in animals?
Bone marrow
What is the purpose of the centrosome in mitosis?
To move to opposite poles of the cell
During which stage of mitosis do chromosomes align at the cell's equator?
Metaphase
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes split at the centromere and individual chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibers?
Anaphase
What is the primary difference between cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells?
Cell plate formation
What is a characteristic of cancer cells that allows them to spread to other body parts?
Metastasis
What is the type of cancer that affects the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems?
Leukemia
What is the result of uncontrolled cell division in cancer?
Formation of a malignant tumor
What is the purpose of chemotherapy in cancer treatment?
To kill cancer cells by targeting their ability to divide rapidly
What is the result of societal beliefs and myths about cancer?
Significant influence on attitudes and approaches to treatment
What is the primary concern in understanding mitosis?
Abnormal cell division
What is the term for a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division?
Cancer
What is the result of inherited genetic mutations in cancer development?
Increased risk of cancer
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