Electrotherapy Basics

<p>Transcutaneous and easy to apply (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk of muscle fatigue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radial system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deep at a focal point (greater than 5 cm) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>f-ESWT enables deeper penetration at a specific point (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EFD = E / A (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct beam applicator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1000 until 500,000 Hz (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capacitive electrical transfer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More than microwave and shortwave (6 cm) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 MPa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More than 500,000 Hz (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Best pulse duration for eliciting a response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>11m (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultrasound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 MHz (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>33% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recent wound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stationary technique (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cavities with air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1:1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain muscle trophism while waiting for reinnervation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To deliver medication through the skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rectangular pulses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to adjust the pulse duration for better response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operant conditioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 pulses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bipolar application over affected muscles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides immediate, timely, and accurate information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apply isolated rectangular pulses with the same duration as chronaxie. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce use of affected limbs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restores grip function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1-3 MHz (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-frequency electrical current causing mechanical deformation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improvement in vascular health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treating soft tissue pathologies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic fatigue syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved functional and psychological benefits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of electrical stimulation to activate muscles and improve function in individuals with neurological impairments.

FES is recommended for individuals with good cognitive function, capable of understanding and cooperating with the therapy.

FES can be used to improve both muscle strength and endurance. However, focus on endurance is essential as neurological injuries often target slow muscle fibers first.

FES requires careful consideration of contraindications like severe spasticity, uncontrolled high blood pressure, or severe osteoporosis. These factors can increase risks or hinder treatment effectiveness.

FES can be delivered through surface electrodes (placed on the skin) or implanted electrodes (surgically placed). Surface electrodes are easier to apply, while implanted electrodes offer greater precision and autonomy.

Electrotherapy with intensities lower than 1000 Hz, delivered in pulsed or uninterrupted modes, is categorized as low intensity.

Electrotherapy with intensities ranging from 1000 to 500,000 Hz, commonly used in Kots therapy and Interferential therapy.

Electrotherapy with intensities exceeding 500,000 Hz, often involving techniques like capacitive electrical transfer, shortwave diathermy, UHF therapy, microwave therapy.

A type of high intensity electrotherapy that relies on shortwave radio frequencies to generate heat within tissues. It's typically used for deep heating.

A type of high intensity electrotherapy that utilizes ultra-high frequency radio waves to induce heat in tissues. It offers deeper penetration than shortwave.

A type of high intensity electrotherapy that uses microwave radiation to generate heat in tissues. It's useful for superficial heating and pain management.

A type of electrotherapy utilizing high-energy sound waves to stimulate tissue repair and pain relief. It can be effective for managing musculoskeletal conditions.

A therapeutic modality using sound waves above the human hearing range (20kHz) to treat various conditions. It can promote tissue healing, reduce inflammation, and alleviate pain.

ESWT therapy using a generator that utilizes piezoelectric crystals to generate shockwaves. The piezoelectric crystals are housed in a concave container and expand and contract when high voltage is applied, transmitting shockwaves through the surrounding water medium.

ESWT therapy using a pneumatic system that generates shockwaves by rapidly accelerating a projectile. The projectile hits an impact surface, creating a shockwave that is then transmitted through a handheld applicator.

The depth at which shockwaves can penetrate tissues. f-ESWT has a deeper penetration than r-ESWT due to its focused nature, allowing it to target deeper structures.

The amount of mechanical acoustic energy distributed over a specific area. f-ESWT typically has a higher energy flux density than r-ESWT, concentrating more energy in a smaller area.

A phase in the shockwave where the pressure is higher than the ambient pressure. It is represented as P+.

Ultrasound frequency determines the depth of penetration.

Continuous ultrasound delivers constant energy, causing heat buildup. Used for chronic conditions.

Pulsed ultrasound delivers energy in bursts, better controlled heating. Used for acute conditions.

Duty cycle describes the percentage of time the ultrasound is emitting energy during a pulse cycle. Higher duty cycles lead to more heat.

Pulse ratio is the relationship between the duration of the ultrasound pulse and the pause between pulses. Influences heating effect.

A stationary technique involves keeping the ultrasound head in a fixed position over the target tissue.

A dynamic technique involves moving the ultrasound head over the target tissue in a continuous or overlapping pattern.

Phonophoresis is a technique that uses ultrasound to enhance drug delivery through the skin.

A type of electrical stimulation that uses low-intensity electrical currents to stimulate muscles and nerves, improving gait, reducing spasticity, and promoting motor learning.

FES devices help improve gait by increasing walking speed, enhancing ankle range of motion, and preventing orthopedic deformities.

FES can reduce spasticity by stimulating muscles that counteract the spastic ones.

FES for the upper limbs uses electrodes to stimulate muscles in the hand and arm, allowing for functions like grip or pinching.

A type of FES device that uses electrodes placed on the wrist and forearm to help with hand function.

A type of FES device that uses electrodes implanted in the muscles of the forearm, controlled by movements of the other shoulder.

A type of FES device that uses electrodes placed on the legs to activate muscles during cycling, promoting fitness and bone health.

Ultrasound therapy uses high-frequency sound waves to treat a variety of soft tissue pathologies like bone fractures and dermal wounds, harnessing the phenomenon of piezoelectricity.

The process of nerve fibers regrowing after injury, allowing reestablishment of neural control of a muscle previously paralyzed.

Maintaining muscle health while waiting for reinnervation to occur after nerve injury. It helps prevent muscle atrophy and fibrosis.

The technique of using electrical stimulation to evoke muscle contractions, aiming to maintain muscle function during nerve regeneration.

Applying electrical pulses in rectangular shapes, which are more efficient than triangular shapes in terms of muscle stimulation.

A measure of a muscle's excitability, reflecting its ability to respond to electrical stimulation. It is a key factor in determining the pulse duration for effective stimulation.

A technique that measures the minimum electrical current needed to elicit a muscle twitch, used to determine the optimal intensity for electrical stimulation.

A biofeedback technique where patients receive real-time information about their physiological activity, allowing them to learn to control their body functions voluntarily.

A type of learning based on operant conditioning, where individuals learn by associating their actions with their consequences.