Electrophoresis Techniques Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which combination of components below is essential for conducting electrophoresis?

  • Power pack and electrophoresis unit (correct)
  • Buffer chamber and electrophoresis unit
  • Electrophoresis unit and gel separator
  • Gel, buffer chamber, and fire pack

    • In electrophoresis, if separation is based on protein electrophoretic mobility, which type of electrophoresis is being used?

  • Affinity Electrophoresis
  • Electro focusing
  • SDS PAGE (correct)
  • Free flow electrophoresis

    • How is electrophoretic mobility (µ) mathematically expressed, where V represents the velocity of the molecule and E represents the electric field strength?

  • VE
  • V/E (correct)
  • E/V
  • 1/EV

    • Which of the following factors has the LEAST influence on electrophoretic mobility?

    <p>Stereochemistry of molecule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrophoresis is LEAST likely to be used for the separation of which of the following?

    <p>Lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical reason for using electrophoresis?

    <p>Organizing DNA by shape of backbone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In electrophoresis, DNA, which has a negative charge due to its phosphate backbone, will migrate toward which electrode?

    <p>Anode or positive electrode (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between the rate of biomolecule migration and the current applied during electrophoresis?

    <p>The rate of migration is directly proportional to the current (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrophoresis technique uses isoelectric focusing as one of its separation dimensions?

    <p>2D-PAGE (Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During agarose gel electrophoresis, to which electrode will DNA migrate?

    <p>Anode (positive electrode) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique separates charged particles based on their movement in an electric field?

    <p>Electrophoresis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sounds with frequencies exceeding 20,000 Hz, inaudible to the human ear, are classified as:

    <p>Ultrasonics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym 'SONAR' stand for?

    <p>Sound Navigation and Ranging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ship emits ultrasound that returns from the seabed after 3.42 seconds. If the speed of ultrasound in seawater is $1300 \frac{m}{s}$, what is the approximate distance of the seabed from the ship?

    <p>2200 m (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical quantity is MOST notably carried in greater amounts by ultrasonic waves compared to audible sound waves?

    <p>Energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compared to audible sound waves, what is the relative wavelength of ultrasonic waves?

    <p>Less than audible sound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of iterative reconstruction techniques compared to filtered backprojection in CT imaging?

    <p>Improved handling of noisy image data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In helical CT scanning, what does a single transverse slice typically represent?

    <p>A reconstruction synthesized from projections acquired at adjacent scan axis positions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is pitch defined in helical CT scanning?

    <p>Table movement in 360 degrees divided by beam width (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what application are high-pitch techniques most useful?

    <p>Achieving fast scan times. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would a low-pitch technique be most beneficial in helical CT?

    <p>Detecting a subtle liver lesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metric reported by the CT scanner is the best indicator of the total amount of radiation delivered to the patient during a scan?

    <p>Dose-length product (DLP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes a measure designed to reflect the potential stochastic (cancer) risk associated with radiation exposure?

    <p>Effective dose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does radiation dose typically distribute within a patient's body during a CT scan?

    <p>Greater at the skin surface than in the center. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which lead is a biphasic P wave most typically observed on an EKG?

    <p>V1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment of the EKG, when elevated or depressed, is most indicative of serious cardiac pathology?

    <p>ST (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the T wave on an EKG represent?

    <p>Ventricular repolarization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What portion of the EKG tracing is representative of the duration of ventricular systole?

    <p>QT interval (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The corrected QT interval (QTc) is considered normal when it is less than half of which interval at normal heart rates?

    <p>R-R (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the R-R interval on an EKG tracing represent?

    <p>One Complete Cardiac Cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for the change in focal length of the human eye?

    <p>Ciliary muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the image formed by the retina of the human eye?

    <p>Real and inverted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition is Gamma Knife radiosurgery NOT typically employed?

    <p>Trigeminal neuralgia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gamma Knife radiosurgery is LEAST likely to be used for which of the following conditions?

    <p>Lung cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the PRIMARY mechanism by which Gamma Knife radiosurgery treats epilepsy?

    <p>Targeting and destroying the specific brain tissue causing seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following non-cancerous conditions could potentially benefit from Gamma Knife treatment?

    <p>Parkinson's tremors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in controlling dose distribution during Gamma Knife radiosurgery?

    <p>Adjusting the number of beams and varying beam diameters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does gamma radiation have on normal tissue surrounding the targeted area in Gamma Knife radiosurgery?

    <p>Minimal due to precise beam focusing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MOST frequently reported side effect following Gamma Knife radiosurgery?

    <p>Headache (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents a significant limitation of Gamma Knife radiosurgery?

    <p>Treatments are limited to the skull and ineffective for tumors larger than 5 cm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the resistance of a pure semiconductor when it is heated?

    <p>The resistance goes down. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily provides the strength of a semiconductor crystal?

    <p>Electron-pair bonds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of semiconductor is formed when a pentavalent impurity is added to a pure semiconductor?

    <p>n-type semiconductor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from adding a pentavalent impurity to a semiconductor material?

    <p>Many free electrons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many valence electrons does a pentavalent impurity possess?

    <p>5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall charge of an n-type semiconductor?

    <p>Electrically neutral. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing the doping concentration in a pure semiconductor on its bulk resistance?

    <p>Decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of holes and free electrons due to thermal agitation?

    <p>Diffusion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Isoelectric Focusing in Electrophoresis

    A technique that separates proteins based on their isoelectric points.

    Movement of DNA in Agarose Gel

    DNA moves towards the anode during agarose gel electrophoresis.

    Electrophoresis

    A method used to separate charged particles under an electric field.

    Ultrasonics

    Sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz, inaudible to humans.

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    SONAR

    An acronym for Sound Navigation and Ranging; used for detecting objects underwater.

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    Ultrasound Applications

    Ultrasound is used for imaging marine depths, locating metals, and detecting faults.

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    Medical Imaging Without Radiation

    MRI is a medical imaging modality that does not use radiation.

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    Piezoelectric Crystal in Ultrasound

    A material that converts electrical energy into sound waves, producing ultrasound.

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    Iterative reconstruction advantages

    Iterative reconstruction techniques provide better handling of noisy images compared to filtered backprojection.

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    Helical CT single slice

    A single transverse slice in helical CT represents a plane through the body perpendicular to the scan axis.

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    Pitch in helical CT

    Pitch in helical CT is defined as table movement in 360 degrees divided by beam width.

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    High-pitch techniques use

    High-pitch techniques are particularly useful for fast scans, enhancing efficiency.

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    Low-pitch technique benefits

    Low-pitch techniques are helpful for detecting subtle lesions or soft tissue injuries.

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    Total radiation measure

    The dose-length product (DLP) best reflects the total amount of radiation delivered to the patient.

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    Stochastic risk measure

    Effective dose is a measure designed to reflect the stochastic risk from radiation exposure.

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    Radiation dose changes with size

    Increasing patient size generally causes increased radiation dose during CT scans.

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    V5-V6 Heart View

    V5-V6 gives a left lateral view of the heart.

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    Best Lead for P Wave

    The P wave is best seen in lead II.

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    Positive P Wave Leads

    Positive P waves are typically seen in I, II, AVL, AVF, V4-V6.

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    Biphasic P Wave Lead

    The V1 lead shows a biphasic P wave.

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    Deep S Wave Leads

    Deep S waves are seen in V1 and V2 leads.

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    Tall R Wave Lead

    Tall R waves are typically seen in leads V5 and V6.

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    QT Interval Definition

    The QT interval represents the duration of ventricular systole.

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    Normal Height of T Wave

    The normal height of the T wave is 1/3 to 2/3 the height of the corresponding R wave.

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    Electrophoretic Mobility (µ)

    The rate at which a charged particle moves in an electric field; mathematically expressed as V/E.

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    Types of Electrophoresis

    Different methods of separating proteins based on their mobility, including SDS-PAGE, Affinity, Electro focusing, and Free flow.

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    Factors Influencing Electrophoretic Mobility

    Mobility is influenced by molecular weight, shape, size, and charge of the molecule.

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    Migration Direction of DNA

    In electrophoresis, DNA migrates towards the anode (positive electrode) because it is negatively charged.

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    Role of SDS in SDS-PAGE

    SDS denatures proteins and imparts a net negative charge, allowing them to be separated by size.

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    Separation Basis in SDS-PAGE

    Separation in SDS-PAGE is primarily based on molecular weight.

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    Common Gel for DNA Separation

    Agarose is the most commonly used gel for separating DNA fragments.

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    Technique for Large DNA Fragments

    Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) is suited for separating large DNA fragments.

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    Gamma Knife use

    The Gamma Knife is not typically used to treat epilepsy.

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    Gamma Knife treatment for epilepsy

    It targets and destroys the epileptic focus in the brain.

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    Non-cancerous conditions treated with Gamma Knife

    Gamma Knife can treat Parkinson's tremors among other non-cancerous conditions.

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    Dose distribution control in Gamma Knife

    Controlled by adjusting the number of beams and varying beam diameters.

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    Effect of gamma radiation on normal tissue

    The effect is minimal due to precise beam focusing in Gamma Knife.

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    Common side effect of Gamma Knife treatment

    The most common side effect is a headache.

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    Limitation of Gamma Knife radiosurgery

    It is limited to treating conditions within the skull.

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    Typical recovery time after Gamma Knife

    Recovery time is typically 1 to 2 days.

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    Resistivity of Silicon

    The resistivity of pure silicon is about 6000 Ω cm.

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    Resistance Change with Heat

    When a pure semiconductor is heated, its resistance decreases.

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    Strength of Semiconductor Crystal

    The strength comes from electron-pair bonds between atoms.

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    Pentavalent Impurity Effect

    Adding a pentavalent impurity to a semiconductor creates an n-type semiconductor.

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    Holes Creation by Trivalent Impurity

    Adding trivalent impurity to a semiconductor creates holes.

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    Definition of a Hole

    A hole in a semiconductor is the incomplete part of an electron pair bond.

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    Doping and Resistance

    As doping of a pure semiconductor increases, its bulk resistance decreases.

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    Resistivity of pure silicon

    The resistivity of pure silicon is about 6000 Ω cm.

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    Effect of pentavalent impurity

    Adding a pentavalent impurity to a pure semiconductor turns it into an n-type semiconductor.

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    Creation of holes by trivalent impurity

    Adding a trivalent impurity to a semiconductor creates many holes.

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    Definition of a hole in semiconductors

    A hole in a semiconductor is defined as the incomplete part of an electron pair bond.

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    Effect of doping on resistance

    As doping in a pure semiconductor increases, its bulk resistance decreases.

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    Attraction between holes and electrons

    A hole and electron in close proximity would tend to attract each other.

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    Study Notes

    Medical Physics Study Notes

    • Diathermy: Used for surgical and therapeutic purposes. Includes cutting, coagulation, and fulguration functions. Diathermy machines include shortwave, microwave, and electrical impulse types. Shortwave diathermy is beneficial for deep tissue healing. Ultrasound diathermy uses sound waves in a frequency range of 0.7-3.3 MHz.

    • Diathermy Precaution: Patients should lie on soft pillows and use grounding pads to complete the circuit.

    • Diathermy Maximum Power & Resistance: In heat wave diathermy, the maximum power is 500W and maximum voltage is 4000V. The highest resistance the machine can handle is 32 K ohm.

    • Biological Radiation Damage: Measured using Roentgens, Rem, and Rad.

    • Cerebral Failure with Radiation: Exposure above 1000 Rad may cause cerebral system failure.

    • Radioactivity: Curie and Becquerel are units of radioactivity. 1 Curie = 3.7 x 10^10 Becquerel.

    • Radioactive Decay: Decay constant affects the amount of radioactive material remaining over time.

    • Energy for Bone Imaging: Bone imaging requires 200MeV energy with 2cm bone and 5cm skin thickness.

    • Diathermy Heating: Induction field diathermy uses a magnetic field and electric current to heat body parts.

    • Dielectric Constant & Conductivity:

    • Low dielectric constant and conductivity: High water content, muscle nerve, blood vessels, internal organs, and moist skin.

    • High dielectric constant and conductivity: Low water content, bone, capsule, ligaments, fat, and dry skin

    • Electrophoresis: Technique separating charged particles using an electric field.

    • Speed of migration depends on molecule charge, shape, and mass.

    • Electrophoresis apparatus contains a gel, buffer chamber, and fire pack.

    • Electrophoresis is used in SDS-PAGE, used in DNA separation.

    • Electrophoresis is used in various applications, such as separating proteins, amino acids, and lipids.

    • DNA Separation: Agarose is a common gel used for DNA separation.

    • Ultrasound: Used for medical imaging and diagnosing diseases.

    • Speed in seawater: 1300ms-1

    • Measures distance to seabed from ship: 2800m.

    • Sounds higher than 20,000Hz are called ultrasonics

    • Piezoelectric Crystal: Used to create ultrasound waves; these are pressure wave, electrical wave or sound wave ultrasound.

    • Ultrasound in Soft Tissues: The density of soft tissue is 1058.441 kg/m³. Ultrasound is used for imaging various parts like metal sheets, marine depths and distances.

    • Relationship Between Rad, Rem and R: 1 Rad ≈ 1.5 Rem ≈ 1000 R.

    • Medical Imaging Principles: Ultrasound, X-rays, PET scans, and MRI are used in medical imaging.

    • Biological Effects of Radiation: Measures of biological damage caused by radiation include Rad, Rem, and Curie. Radiation levels above specific doses can cause damage to the brain.

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    Biophysics Official Past Paper PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on electrophoresis techniques and principles with this quiz. Questions include the fundamentals of conducting electrophoresis, factors affecting electrophoretic mobility, and the separation of biomolecules. Challenge yourself with various scenarios and applications in the field.

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