Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle Quiz

Valence-Shell Configurations

• Gallium (Z = 31) has the valence-shell configuration of 4s² 4p¹.
• Tellurium (Z = 52) has outer electron configurations of 5s² 5p⁴.

Hund's Rule

• According to Hund's Rule, the lowest energy arrangement of electrons in a subshell is characterized by maximizing the number of unpaired electrons in degenerate orbitals.

Atomic Radius Trends

• The order of increasing atomic radius is C < Si < Al.
• Carbon is the smallest, followed by silicon, then aluminum which is the largest among them.

First Ionization Energy for Lithium

• The first ionization energy for lithium (Li) is approximately 5.39 eV.

High First Ionization Energy Elements

• High values of first ionization energy are typically associated with noble gases and nonmetals.

Ionization Energies and Group Trends

• Ionization energies generally decrease as one moves down a group in the periodic table due to increasing atomic size and shielding effect.

Atomic Radius and Period Trends

• The atomic radius tends to decrease with increasing atomic number within each period as effective nuclear charge increases, pulling electrons closer to the nucleus.

Classification of Element X

• Based on the electron configuration [Xe]4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p², element X is classified as a main-group element.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

• The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have identical sets of quantum numbers.

Electron Configuration Representation

• The electron configuration 1s² 2s² 2p¹ represents the element Boron (B).

Orbital Diagrams

• An upward-pointing arrow in an orbital diagram indicates an unpaired electron.

Stern-Gerlach Experiment Significance

• The Stern–Gerlach experiment demonstrated the existence of electron spin and the quantization of angular momentum in quantum mechanics.

Subshell Characteristics

• A subshell consists of a group of orbitals sharing the same n and l quantum numbers but differing in their ml values.

Aufbau Principle (Building-Up Principle)

• The sequence for filling subshells follows the order of increasing energy levels: generally fills according to [n + l] rule, with lower n + l values filled first.

Test your knowledge about electron spin, the Pauli exclusion principle, and electron configurations with this quiz. The quiz covers concepts such as the Stern–Gerlach experiment and orbital diagrams.