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Questions and Answers
What is the valence-shell configuration for gallium (Z = 31)?
What is the valence-shell configuration for gallium (Z = 31)?
What are the configurations for the outer electrons of tellurium (Z = 52)?
What are the configurations for the outer electrons of tellurium (Z = 52)?
According to the Hund's Rule, what is the lowest energy arrangement of electrons in a subshell?
According to the Hund's Rule, what is the lowest energy arrangement of electrons in a subshell?
Based on the information provided, arrange the following elements in order of increasing atomic radius: Al, C, Si.
Based on the information provided, arrange the following elements in order of increasing atomic radius: Al, C, Si.
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What is the first ionization energy for Li in eV?
What is the first ionization energy for Li in eV?
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"High values of first ionization energy are associated with which group of elements?"
"High values of first ionization energy are associated with which group of elements?"
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"Ionization energies tend to decrease going down any column." According to this statement, what can be expected for ionization energies going down a group?
"Ionization energies tend to decrease going down any column." According to this statement, what can be expected for ionization energies going down a group?
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"The atomic radius tends to decrease with increasing atomic number within each period." According to this statement, what can be expected for atomic radius within a period?
"The atomic radius tends to decrease with increasing atomic number within each period." According to this statement, what can be expected for atomic radius within a period?
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"From its position in the periodic table, would you classify X as a main-group element, a transition element, or an inner transition element?" Based on the given electron configuration [Xe]4f14 5d106s26p2, how would you classify X?
"From its position in the periodic table, would you classify X as a main-group element, a transition element, or an inner transition element?" Based on the given electron configuration [Xe]4f14 5d106s26p2, how would you classify X?
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According to the Pauli exclusion principle, which of the following statements is true?
According to the Pauli exclusion principle, which of the following statements is true?
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What does the electron configuration 1s22s22p1 represent?
What does the electron configuration 1s22s22p1 represent?
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In an orbital diagram, what does an upward-pointing arrow indicate?
In an orbital diagram, what does an upward-pointing arrow indicate?
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What is the significance of the Stern–Gerlach experiment in relation to electron spin?
What is the significance of the Stern–Gerlach experiment in relation to electron spin?
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Which subshell consists of a group of orbitals having the same n and l quantum numbers but different ml values?
Which subshell consists of a group of orbitals having the same n and l quantum numbers but different ml values?
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What is the sequence for filling subshells according to the building-up principle (Aufbau Principle)?
What is the sequence for filling subshells according to the building-up principle (Aufbau Principle)?
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Study Notes
Valence-Shell Configurations
- Gallium (Z = 31) has the valence-shell configuration of 4s² 4p¹.
- Tellurium (Z = 52) has outer electron configurations of 5s² 5p⁴.
Hund's Rule
- According to Hund's Rule, the lowest energy arrangement of electrons in a subshell is characterized by maximizing the number of unpaired electrons in degenerate orbitals.
Atomic Radius Trends
- The order of increasing atomic radius is C < Si < Al.
- Carbon is the smallest, followed by silicon, then aluminum which is the largest among them.
First Ionization Energy for Lithium
- The first ionization energy for lithium (Li) is approximately 5.39 eV.
High First Ionization Energy Elements
- High values of first ionization energy are typically associated with noble gases and nonmetals.
Ionization Energies and Group Trends
- Ionization energies generally decrease as one moves down a group in the periodic table due to increasing atomic size and shielding effect.
Atomic Radius and Period Trends
- The atomic radius tends to decrease with increasing atomic number within each period as effective nuclear charge increases, pulling electrons closer to the nucleus.
Classification of Element X
- Based on the electron configuration [Xe]4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p², element X is classified as a main-group element.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
- The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have identical sets of quantum numbers.
Electron Configuration Representation
- The electron configuration 1s² 2s² 2p¹ represents the element Boron (B).
Orbital Diagrams
- An upward-pointing arrow in an orbital diagram indicates an unpaired electron.
Stern-Gerlach Experiment Significance
- The Stern–Gerlach experiment demonstrated the existence of electron spin and the quantization of angular momentum in quantum mechanics.
Subshell Characteristics
- A subshell consists of a group of orbitals sharing the same n and l quantum numbers but differing in their ml values.
Aufbau Principle (Building-Up Principle)
- The sequence for filling subshells follows the order of increasing energy levels: generally fills according to [n + l] rule, with lower n + l values filled first.
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Description
Test your knowledge about electron spin, the Pauli exclusion principle, and electron configurations with this quiz. The quiz covers concepts such as the Stern–Gerlach experiment and orbital diagrams.
