27 Questions
Why can only two electrons occupy an orbital?
To follow the Pauli exclusion principle
What did Kekulé and Couper observe about carbon in terms of bonding?
Carbon always has four bonds
Why do atoms form chemical bonds according to the text?
To form more stable compounds
What is the significance of the tetrahedral arrangement of atoms around carbon?
It defines specific spatial directions for carbon bonds
How are ionic bonds in salts formed?
As a result of electron transfers
What is the shape of s orbitals?
Spherical
Which type of bond has a circular cross-section?
Sigma (σ) bonds
How many sp2 hybrid orbitals does carbon use in double bonds?
Three
What geometry does carbon have in single bonds with tetrahedral geometry?
Tetrahedral
How many unhybridized p orbitals does carbon use in a triple bond with linear geometry?
Two
What does the bond length represent?
Maximum stability between nuclei
Why do nuclei repel when they are too close in distance?
Due to both nuclei being positively charged
What type of hybrid orbitals form the four identical C-H bonds in methane (CH4)?
sp2 orbitals
How many valence electrons does carbon have in its 2s2 2p2 configuration?
4 valence electrons
What is the bond angle of each H-C-H bond in methane (CH4)?
109.5°
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
Four
Which molecule forms two bonds despite having six valence electrons?
H2O
What is the term for valence electrons that are not used in bonding?
Lone-pair electrons
How many bonds can nitrogen typically form despite having five valence electrons?
Three
What type of bond forms when a singly occupied orbital on one atom overlaps with a singly occupied orbital on another atom?
Sigma (σ) bond
In the reaction 2H+→ H2, how much energy is released?
436 kJ/mol
What is the hybridization of carbon in ethane?
sp3
What is the bond angle between the hydrogen atoms in ethylene?
120°
What type of bond forms the C=C bond in ethylene?
Pi (π) bond
How many sigma bonds does a carbon-carbon triple bond in acetylene have?
3
What is the bond angle between the two hybrid orbitals in acetylene?
180°
Which statement best describes the relationship between ethylene and acetylene in terms of hybridization?
Ethylene has sp3 hybridization while acetylene has sp2 hybridization.
Test your knowledge on electron spin orientations, orbital occupancy rules, Pauli exclusion principle, Hund's rule, and development of chemical bonding theory. Explore concepts like Kekulé's observation that carbon always has four bonds.
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