Electromagnetic Waves Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of electromagnetic wave?

  • X-ray
  • Gamma ray
  • Microwave
  • Luminous light (correct)

    • All objects are luminous and produce their own light.

    False

    What is the distance between one crest and the next crest called?

    wavelength

    Light emitted by a chemical reaction without a rise in temperature is known as ______.

    <p>chemiluminescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the source of light with its explanation:

    <p>Incandescence = Light caused by heating Fluorescence = Light emitted by exposure to radiation Bioluminescence = Light produced by living organisms Triboluminescence = Light emitted when something is broken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the highest point of a wave?

    <p>Crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Light can only travel through solid materials.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of light is produced when an electric current passes through a gas?

    <p>electric discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of display technology is more efficient, converting 95% of energy into light?

    <p>Electroluminescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The umbra is the region where light is only partially blocked.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of reflection that states the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection?

    <p>Law of Reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ mirror is curved inward and is used to focus light.

    <p>concave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of mirrors with their characteristics:

    <p>Concave = Curves inward and converges light Convex = Curves outward and diverges light Plane Mirror = Reflects light parallel and forms virtual images Mirror Image = Upright, same size, and on the opposite side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when light passes from one medium to another and bends?

    <p>Refraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An image formed by a plane mirror is always real and inverted.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speed of a wave calculated by?

    <p>V = f x λ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The property of light that allows it to travel through a vacuum is that it requires no ______.

    <p>medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about a virtual image formed by a concave or convex mirror?

    <p>Always upright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focal point in a concave mirror?

    <p>The point where parallel light rays converge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Convex mirrors always produce virtual images.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a prism have on white light?

    <p>It separates white light into the colors of the rainbow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is the point where the principle axis intersects the mirror.

    <p>vertex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following color combinations with their resulting colors:

    <p>Blue + Red = Magenta Blue + Green = Cyan Red + Green = Yellow Red + Green + Blue = White</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about light rays in a concave mirror?

    <p>Light rays through the focal point reflect parallel to the principal axis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When light enters a less dense medium, it bends away from the normal.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of images do diverging mirrors produce?

    <p>Smaller, upright, virtual images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In additive color theory, combining red and green light results in _____ light.

    <p>yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the refractive index a measure of?

    <p>How much light slows down in a medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lenses are thickest in the middle?

    <p>Convex lenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Total internal refraction only occurs when light travels from a less dense medium to a more dense medium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Snell's Law?

    <p>n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A rainbow is produced when light disperses inside thousands of __________.

    <p>raindrops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their definitions:

    <p>Element = Cannot be broken down into simpler substances Compound = Made of 2 or more atoms combined together Homogeneous mixture = Same composition throughout Heterogeneous mixture = Composition differs and parts are visible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the principal focus of a lens?

    <p>The point where light comes to focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mirage is formed by light being reflected off water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the critical angle refer to in optics?

    <p>The angle of incidence where the angle of refraction is 90 degrees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distance from the optical center to the principal focus is known as the __________.

    <p>focal length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics are true for images produced by convex lenses?

    <p>Virtual, smaller, and upright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct name for the compound NaCl?

    <p>Sodium Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A molecule is formed only between two metals or metalloids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for water?

    <p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a chemical reaction, matter is never created or ______.

    <p>destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following prefixes with their corresponding numerical values:

    <p>mono = 1 tri = 3 hexa = 6 deca = 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prefix is used for 4 in molecular compounds?

    <p>tetra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The subscripts in a chemical formula can be adjusted to balance an equation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of chemical equations?

    <p>Word equation and chemical equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diatomic molecules contain two atoms of the same ______.

    <p>element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the valence of the first element in multivalent compounds?

    <p>A roman numeral in brackets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of a substance to conduct heat or electricity called?

    <p>Conductivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pure element consists of more than one type of atom.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge and location of a neutron?

    <p>Neutral and located in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a ______.

    <p>liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of ion with its charge:

    <p>Cation = Positively charged Anion = Negatively charged Monatomic ion = One type of ion Polyatomic ion = Multiple types of ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an element when its protons change?

    <p>It becomes a new element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ionic compounds are formed between two non-metals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a polyatomic ion.

    <p>An ion consisting of multiple types of atoms that acts as a single unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atomic mass of an atom is measured in ______ units.

    <p>A.M.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of matter refers to the ability to dissolve in a liquid?

    <p>Solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the heart?

    <p>To deliver blood to the whole body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract during expiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the digestive tract is responsible for the majority of digestion?

    <p>Small Intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ carry blood away from the heart.

    <p>arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the circulatory system with their functions:

    <p>Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Veins = Carry blood back to the heart Capillaries = Exchange of materials between blood and tissues Plasma = Fluid component of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller parts?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The small intestine is lined with villi that aid in absorption.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of valves in the heart?

    <p>Prevent blood from flowing backwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of waste removal from the body is known as ______.

    <p>Egestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inspiration, what happens to the pressure within the lungs?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reaction type when two substances combine to form a compound?

    <p>Synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen ions (H+) are produced by bases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the reaction where an acid and a base form water and salt?

    <p>Neutralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution with a pH of 4 is considered __________.

    <p>acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Acids = Increase hydrogen ion concentration in solution Bases = Increase hydroxide ion concentration in solution pH Scale = Measures acidity and alkalinity Neutralization = Reaction between acid and base producing water and salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a hydrocarbon?

    <p>A compound made of only carbon and hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diatomic elements always appear in diatomic form in reactions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for a carbonate polyatomic ion?

    <p>CO3^2-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pH scale ranges from _____ to _____.

    <p>0, 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the combustion of a hydrocarbon?

    <p>Water vapor and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acids taste bitter and feel slippery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ion do acids release in solution?

    <p>H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A compound that has the formula H2SO4 is known as __________ Acid.

    <p>sulfuric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following indicators with their function:

    <p>Litmus paper = Tests for acidity (red for acidic) Phenolphthalein = Changes color in the presence of a base Universal indicator = Measures across the entire pH scale Red cabbage juice = Turns purple in neutral solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart consists of four chambers that work together to pump deoxygenated blood to the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ connects the mouth to the stomach.

    <p>esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the digestive organs with their functions:

    <p>Liver = Produces bile to break down fats Pancreas = Produces insulin to regulate blood sugar Gallbladder = Stores and concentrates bile Stomach = Mixes and digests food using enzymes and acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diaphragm is the only muscle involved in the breathing process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mucus in the digestive tract?

    <p>To protect the lining of the digestive tube and facilitate the passage of material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main purpose of the ______ is to absorb water from indigestible food.

    <p>large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is a lung disease that affects gas exchange?

    <p>Bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the movement of solute molecules from high concentration to low concentration?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facilitated diffusion requires energy to occur.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a hypertonic and hypotonic environment?

    <p>In a hypertonic environment, there is a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell, causing water to move out. In a hypotonic environment, there is a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell, causing water to move into the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division.

    <p>G2 phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of transport with their descriptions:

    <p>Diffusion = Movement from high to low concentration Facilitated Diffusion = Movement through a protein channel Active Transport = Movement against a concentration gradient Osmosis = Diffusion of water across a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis is considered part of mitosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a stem cell?

    <p>A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can differentiate into specialized cells or remain unspecialized and divide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process where a cell membrane surrounds material to bring it into the cell is called _____ .

    <p>endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an isotonic environment?

    <p>Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an isotonic environment, the cell neither shrinks nor swells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell against their concentration gradients, requiring energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During _____, the cell's chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.

    <p>prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the extracellular matrix in organisms?

    <p>Provides structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stem cells can differentiate into any embryonic and extraembryonic cell types?

    <p>Totipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pluripotent stem cells can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue connects bone to bone?

    <p>Ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ tissues provide sensory sensation and communicate with the brain.

    <p>Nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of animal tissues with their functions:

    <p>Epithelial Tissues = Protection and secretion Muscle Tissues = Movement and contraction Connective Tissues = Support and insulation Nervous Tissues = Transmission of impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary function of xylem in plants?

    <p>Movement of water and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epidermis is the inner layer of the skin and provides protection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of vascular tissues in plants?

    <p>Xylem and Phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ cells originate from the fusion of an egg and sperm.

    <p>Totipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue type is responsible for protecting the body from pathogens?

    <p>Epithelial Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meristematic tissues in plants are responsible for growth and can specialize into any plant tissue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ in the body is primarily involved in respiration?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of muscle tissue found in the heart is called _______.

    <p>Cardiac Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of plant tissue with its function:

    <p>Epidermal Tissues = Protection and gas exchange Ground Tissues = Storage and photosynthesis Vascular Tissues = Transport of nutrients and water Meristematic Tissues = Growth and differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Light

    • Vacuum: Empty space
    • Solar Radiation: Light from the sun
    • Electromagnetic Wave: Energy traveling through space, passing through vacuum and some materials
    • Electromagnetic Spectrum: Arrangement of electromagnetic waves
      • Radio
      • Microwave
      • Infrared
      • Ultraviolet
      • X-ray
      • Gamma ray
    • Visible Light: Light the human eye sees (white light)
    • Visible Spectrum: Different colors the human eye sees (different colors have different energy)
    • Waves: Disturbances transferring energy without matter transfer
      • Crest: Highest point
      • Trough: Lowest point
      • Rest Position: No amplitude
      • Wavelength: Distance of one cycle (crest-to-crest or trough-to-trough)
      • Amplitude: Wave height from rest position to crest or trough
      • Frequency: Rate of wave repetition, crests per second
    • White Light Dispersion: Breaking white light into constituent colors
    • Light Travel: Always in a straight line
    • Light Refraction: Direction change when light passes through a new material
    • Light Sources
      • Luminous: Produce and emit light, converting energy
      • Non-Luminous: Don't produce light, reflect light from other sources
      • Bioluminescence: Light production by plants or animals
      • Incandescence: Light by heating (inefficient, 5% light, 95% heat)
      • Fluorescence: Light from electromagnetic radiation (more efficient)
      • Phosphorescence: Light storing and releasing energy over time
      • Chemiluminescence: Light through chemical reaction (no rise in temperature)
      • Triboluminescence: Light from objects breaking
      • Electric Discharge: Light from electric current through gas (e.g., lightning)
      • Electroluminescence: Light from electric current (more efficient than incandescent and fluorescent; 95% light, 5% heat)
      • OLED: Organic (carbon-based) molecules using current for light
      • Plasma Display: Tiny fluorescent lights (RGB)
      • LCD: White light behind liquid crystals, RGB filters produce color
    • Wavelength, Period, and Frequency
      • Wavelength (λ): Metre (m)
      • Period (T): Seconds (s)
      • Frequency (f): Hertz (Hz)
      • Speed (v): Metres/second (m/s)
      • Wave Equation: v = f x λ
    • Ray Model of Light
      • Properties: No medium needed, invisible (unless interacting), frequency & period unchanged, slows in denser mediums
      • Behaviors: Reflects (redirection without transmission), refracts (bends passing through different mediums), disperses (breaks into constituent colors)
      • Ray diagrams: Straight lines showing light travel direction
      • Ray: single light unit; Beam: multiple rays
      • Beam types: Parallel, diverging, converging
    • Light Interaction with Materials:
      • Absorb: Light stored by substance
      • Transmit: Light passes through
      • Reflect: Light bounces off
      • Transparent: Transmits light freely
      • Translucent: Transmits some light, not clear
      • Opaque: Absorbs & reflects light, no transmission
    • Shadows:
      • Umbra: Completely blocked light
      • Penumbra: Partially blocked light; depends on sizes of light source and object

    Plane Mirrors

    • Law of Reflection: Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
    • Image Types:
      • Real: Projected on screen, inverted, same side of mirror, made from actual light rays
      • Virtual: Not projected on screen, upright, opposite side of mirror, formed by non-existent light rays
    • Lateral Inversion: Right side becomes left, left becomes right
    • Image Description: Size, attitude, location, type
    • Plane Mirror Diagrams: Draw rays from object to mirror, extend the same distance into mirror; draw image; draw rays from image to eye, connect rays from object and eye

    Curved Mirrors

    • Curved Mirror: Part of sphere, reflective surface
    • Types: Concave (inward curve) & convex (outward curve)
    • Terminology:
      • Center of Curvature (C): Center of sphere
      • Principal Axis (PA): Line through C and mirror's center, intersecting at 90°
      • Vertex (V): Point where PA intersects mirror
      • Focal Point (F): Where reflected rays converge/diverge (midway between V and C)
      • Incident Ray: Incoming ray
      • Reflected Ray: Ray reflected by mirror
      • Virtual Ray: Ray drawn inside mirror (dotted)

    Concave (Converging) Mirrors

    • Examples: Flashlights, telescopes, cosmetic mirrors, headlights
    • Ray Diagram Rules:
      • Parallel ray reflects through F
      • Ray through F reflects parallel to PA
      • Ray to V reflects at equal angle
      • Ray through C reflects back on itself
    • Clauses: Object outside C, at C, between C and F, at F, between F and V

    Convex (Diverging) Mirrors

    • Examples: Sideview mirrors
    • Ray Diagram Rules: Same as concave
    • Image Characteristics: Smaller, upright, virtual, same side

    Color Theory

    • White Light: Mixture of rainbow colors (visible spectrum)
    • Prism: Transparent object separating white light
    • Colors (wavelengths & frequencies): Violet (400nm, 7.5x10¹⁴Hz), blue, green, yellow, orange, red (700nm, 4.3x10¹⁴Hz).
    • Additive Color Theory:
      • Primary Colors: Red, blue, green
      • Secondary Colors: Magenta, cyan, yellow
      • Combining primaries creates secondary colors and white light
    • Complimentary Colors: Pair of colors adding up to white
    • Filter Colors: Blocks colors, passing only the intended color. Secondary filter passes related primaries.
    • Subtractive Color Theory: Objects absorb and reflect colors. Reflected colors determine perceived color.
      • Primary Subtractive Colors: Yellow, magenta, cyan
      • Secondary Subtractive Colors: Red, green, blue

    Refraction and Snell's Law

    • Refraction: Light bending passing through mediums.
    • Denser Medium: Bending towards normal, slowing down
    • Index of Refraction (n): Light-slowing effect. Higher n, more slowdown.
      • n = c/v (c=speed of light in vacuum, v=speed in medium)
    • Dispersion: White light splitting into colors due to varying speeds
    • Rainbow: Light dispersing in raindrops
    • Total Internal Reflection: Light stays within a medium (n₂ < n₁; i > C)
    • Critical Angle (C): Angle of incidence where refraction angle is 90°
    • Snell's Law: n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂

    Magnification Equation

    • Terminology: do (object distance), di (image distance), ho (object height), hi (image height), M (magnification)
    • Sign Conventions: do (+), di (+real, -virtual), ho (+upright, -inverted), hi (+upright, -inverted), M (+upright, -inverted)
    • Equations: M = hi/ho = -di/do

    Lenses

    • Lenses: Transparent curved materials
    • Types: Convex (converging) and concave (diverging)
    • Principal Focus (F): Point where light converges/diverges
    • Principal Axis: Line through optical center perpendicular to surfaces.
    • Optical Center: Point on PA where light passes without bending
    • Focal Length: Distance from optical center to principal focus.
    • Rules for Ray Diagrams: (Identical rules, for concave and convex lenses follow above principles, only in a different manner)

    Chemistry

    • Matter: Anything with mass and volume
    • Pure Substances: One kind of matter (element or compound)
    • Elements: Cannot be broken down, unique atoms.
    • Compounds: Two or more elements chemically combined in fixed ratios.
    • Mixtures: Combinations of pure substances
      • Homogeneous: Same throughout (solutions)
      • Heterogeneous: Composition differs (suspensions, mechanical mixtures)
    • Physical Properties: Appearance/composition (boiling point, melting point, malleability, ductility, color, state, solubility, crystal formation, conductivity, transparency)
    • Chemical Properties: Ability to change into new substances (flammability, behavior in air, reaction with water/heating, combustion)

    Classification of Matter

    • Pure element - One type of atom
    • Mixture of two elements - Two types of uncombined atoms
    • Pure compound- One type of compound
    • Mixture of two compounds - Two types of uncombined compounds
    • Mixture of a compound and element - Compound and element
    • Diatomic molecule - Pure substance of two of the same atom bonded together

    Atoms and the Periodic Table

    • Atomic Theory: All matter is atoms. Each element is unique. Atoms are the smallest unit of an element.
    • Subatomic Particles:
      • Neutron: Neutral, nucleus
      • Proton: Positive, nucleus, large
      • Electron: Negative, orbiting
    • Types of Elements: Metals, nonmetals, metalloids
    • Atomic Number: Indicates # of protons
    • Atomic Mass: Mass of an atom (AMU)
    • Mass Number: Protons + neutrons
    • Isotopes: Same element, different number of neutrons (different atomic mass)
    • Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams: Nucleus with protons and neutrons, shells with electrons
    • Lewis Dot Diagrams: Symbol with dots representing valence electrons

    Forming Ionic Compounds

    • Valence Electrons: Electrons in the outer shell
    • Ion Charge: Charge an element gains
    • Anion/Cation: Negative/positive ions
    • Ionic Compounds: Metal (cation) and non-metal (anion), electron transfer
    • Properties of Ionic Compounds: Hard, brittle solids, high melting points, electrolytes
    • Formulas: Metal first, cross-multiply ion charges; simplify.
    • Naming Binary Ionic Compounds: Metal first, non-metal ending in "ide"
    • Multivalent Ions: More than one possible charge (Roman numerals).

    Polyatomic Ions

    • Monatomic Ions: One type
    • Polyatomic Ions: Multiple types of elements chemically bonded as a group, acting like a single unit, with a single charge
    • Properties of Polyatomic Ions: Act as a group, covalent bonds
    • Formulas: Metal first, cross-multiply; brackets and charges outside if 2 subscripts of that ion.
    • Naming: Metal first, plus polyatomic ion name.

    Molecular Compounds

    • Molecular Compounds: Two non-metals or metalloids, covalent bonds (sharing electrons)
    • Octet Rule: 8 valence electrons (usually)
    • Prefixes: Indicate number of each element in the name (di, tri, tetra. etc).
    • Formulas: Element closer to left, no cross-multiplication, use prefixes for subscripts.
    • Diatomic Molecules: Two of the same elements (H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂) all STP except Br & I

    Chemical Reactions

    • Chemical Equation: Word equation (names) or chemical equation (formulas) using "+" and "→" (or ⇔) symbols, including state symbols.
    • Reactants/Products: Starting/newly formed substances
    • Law of Conservation of Mass: Total mass of reactants = total mass of products
    • Balancing Chemical Equations: Use coefficients to equalize the number of each element on both sides. Never change subscripts
    • Reaction Types:
      • Synthesis (Combination): A + B → AB
      • Decomposition: AB → A + B
      • Single Displacement: A + BC → AC + B (or A+BC→ AB +C )
      • Double Displacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
      • Combustion: Hydrocarbon + oxygen → CO₂ + H₂O + energy

    Acids and Bases

    • Acids: Increase H⁺ ion concentration in water
    • Bases: Increase OH⁻ ion concentration in water
    • pH Scale: Measures acidity/basicity (0-14), 7 is neutral.
    • Indicators: Substances displaying color change based on H⁺ concentration (e.g., litmus paper, phenolphthalein, universal indicator, red cabbage juice)
    • Acid Naming:
      • Binary (Hydro): Hydro- + non-metal root - ic + acid
      • Oxy: Use polyatomic name, -ate → -ic, -ite → -ous + acid
    • Base Naming: Metallic ion + hydroxide (or ammonium + hydroxide).
    • Neutralization Reactions: Acid + Base → Water + Salt

    Biology

    • Cells:
      • Eukaryotic: Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles (animals, plants, fungi, protozoa)
      • Prokaryotic: No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles (bacteria, cyanobacteria)
      • Cell Size: Related to surface area-to-volume ratio; divides to maintain efficiency.
      • Functions: Intake, movement, growth, response, reproduction, exchange, waste
    • Transport:
      • Passive: No energy
        • Diffusion: High to low concentration
        • Facilitated Diffusion: With protein channels
        • Osmosis: Water diffusion; hypertonic/isotonic/hypotonic environments
      • Active: Energy required
        • Against gradient: Using protein pumps
    • Endocytosis/Exocytosis: Bulk transport into/out of cell
    • Cell cycle: Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase), Cytokinesis
    • Chromosomes: Carry DNA; sister chromatids.

    Compound Light Microscope

    • Microscopy: Used to visualize small structures (1mm = 1000um).

    Specialized Plant and Animal Cells

    • Regeneration: Replacing or growing lost body parts (limited in humans).
    • Extracellular Matrix: Substance stimulating regeneration
    • Cell Specialization: Same DNA but different functions (lung, skin, brain cells; plant cells like xylem & phloem)
    • Stem Cells: Unspecialized cells differentiating into specialized cells (embryonic & adult)
      • Potency:
        • Totipotent/Pluripotent: Ability to differentiate into various cell types
    • Tissues: Groups of similar cells (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous).
    • Organs: Tissues forming to perform a specific function.
    • Organs Systems: Organs working together.

    Animal organs

    • Skin: Protective outer layer (epidermis, dermis)
    • Lungs: Respiration (alveoli, capillaries)
    • Heart: Muscular pump supplying blood (four chambers, valves)
    • Circulatory System: Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins) and blood.

    Digestive System

    • Digestion: Breakdown of food
    • Absorption: Uptake of digested nutrients
    • Mouth: Mechanical and chemical breakdown
    • Esophagus: Movement of food to stomach
    • Stomach: Churning and chemical breakdown
    • Small Intestine: Most digestion and absorption
    • Large Intestine: Water absorption and waste removal
    • Accessory Organs: Pancreas, liver, gallbladder

    Respiratory System

    • Purpose: To intake oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide
    • Path: Nose/Mouth → Pharynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Lungs → Bronchioles → Alveoli → Capillaries
    • Gas Exchange: Diffusion of O₂ and CO₂ through alveoli walls
    • Breathing: Inhalation and exhalation; diaphragm and rib muscles
    • Control of Breathing: Involuntary, controlled by brain.

    Studying That Suits You

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on electromagnetic waves and light properties with this quiz. Covering concepts such as the nature of light production, wave characteristics, and types of mirrors, you'll enhance your understanding of these fundamental topics in physics.

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