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Questions and Answers
When electrolytes dissolve in water, what process occurs at the molecular level that allows them to conduct electricity?
When electrolytes dissolve in water, what process occurs at the molecular level that allows them to conduct electricity?
- The positive and negative ends of water molecules separate ions. (correct)
- Electrolytes form covalent bonds with water molecules, freeing up electrons.
- Water molecules neutralize the charges of the electrolytes.
- Electrolytes directly transfer electrons to water molecules.
In the context of solutions, how are electrolytes and non-electrolytes classified?
In the context of solutions, how are electrolytes and non-electrolytes classified?
- Electrolytes are compounds, while non-electrolytes are elements.
- Electrolytes are solvents, while non-electrolytes are solutes.
- Both are types of solvents.
- Both are types of solutes. (correct)
What is the significance of using milliequivalents (mEq) to measure electrolytes in a solution?
What is the significance of using milliequivalents (mEq) to measure electrolytes in a solution?
- mEq quantifies the volume occupied by electrolytes in a solution.
- mEq indicates the electrical conductivity of the solution.
- mEq reflects the chemical combining activity or combining power of an electrolyte. (correct)
- mEq measures the mass of electrolytes per liter of solution.
If a patient is experiencing a condition where water is being retained in the extracellular spaces, which primary cation is most likely involved in this imbalance?
If a patient is experiencing a condition where water is being retained in the extracellular spaces, which primary cation is most likely involved in this imbalance?
A patient is diagnosed with a condition affecting neuromuscular function and glucose to glycogen conversion. Which primary intracellular cation is most likely involved?
A patient is diagnosed with a condition affecting neuromuscular function and glucose to glycogen conversion. Which primary intracellular cation is most likely involved?
Which primary anion is most closely associated with regulating the pH in the stomach?
Which primary anion is most closely associated with regulating the pH in the stomach?
In acidosis and alkalosis, what determines whether a solution is acidic or alkaline?
In acidosis and alkalosis, what determines whether a solution is acidic or alkaline?
What is the chemical characteristic of acids that defines their behavior in aqueous solutions?
What is the chemical characteristic of acids that defines their behavior in aqueous solutions?
If a patient's blood pH is measured at 7.30, which of the following conditions is the patient most likely experiencing?
If a patient's blood pH is measured at 7.30, which of the following conditions is the patient most likely experiencing?
Which of the following best describes the function of buffers in the human body?
Which of the following best describes the function of buffers in the human body?
Flashcards
Electrolytes
Electrolytes
Substances that release ions when dissolved in water, enabling electrical conductivity.
Solution
Solution
A mixture of a solvent (dissolving agent) and a solute (dissolved substance).
Milliequivalent (mEq)
Milliequivalent (mEq)
A unit of measurement for electrolytes, indicating their chemical combining power.
Sodium (Na+)
Sodium (Na+)
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Potassium (K+)
Potassium (K+)
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Calcium (Ca2+)
Calcium (Ca2+)
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Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
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Acids
Acids
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pH Scale
pH Scale
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Buffers
Buffers
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Study Notes
Electrolytes and Ion Release
- Electrolytes release ions when dissolved in water
- Water molecules' positive and negative ends separate ions
- The resulting solution contains electrically charged particles (ions)
- Ions conduct electricity
Solutions: Solvents and Solutes
- A solution is a mixture of two substances: a solvent and a solute
- Solutes = electrolytes or non-electrolytes
Measurement of Electrolytes
- Measured in Milliequivalents (mEq)
- 1 mEq of any cation reacts with 1 mEq of any anion
Primary Cations
- Sodium (Na+) is the main extracellular cation
- Water follows sodium/salt
- Potassium (K+) is mostly inside body cells (98%)
- Potassium (K+) is the Primary intracellular cation and major role in neuromuscular function + glucose to glycogen conversion
- Calcium (Ca2+) is important for bone growth, heart function, and blood clotting
- Magnesium (Mg2+) is a coenzyme in protein and carbohydrate metabolism
Primary Anions
- Bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels determine metabolic acidosis/alkalosis
- Chloride (Cl-) regulates stomach pH
- Phosphorus (P) is an ATP component
Acids, Bases, and pH
- Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) in water
- Bases release ions that bond with hydrogen ions
- Acidity/alkalinity is determined by free hydrogen in solution
- Hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations affect chemical reactions
The pH Scale
- pH measures hydrogen ion concentrations
- Scale: 0-14, 7 is neutral
- <7 is acidic, >7 is basic/alkaline
- Human body pH: 7.35-7.45
Acidosis and Alkalosis
- Acidosis: Blood pH <7.35, may lead to coma
- Alkalosis: Blood pH >7.45, causes muscle contractions
Buffers
- Buffers regulate pH changes
- Weak acids/bases
- Buffer systems: proteins, phosphate ions, and bicarbonate
- Protein buffers
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