Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the atomic arrangement in an amorphous solid?
Which of the following best describes the atomic arrangement in an amorphous solid?
- Short-range order with no long-range periodicity (correct)
- Long-range order with sharp melting points
- Composed of large perfect single crystal
- Highly ordered, repeating patterns
A unit cell containing a total of four atoms is characteristic of which crystal structure?
A unit cell containing a total of four atoms is characteristic of which crystal structure?
- Face Centered Cubic (FCC) (correct)
- Tetragonal
- Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
- Simple Cubic
Which crystal system is defined by having unequal side lengths and all angles equal to 90 degrees?
Which crystal system is defined by having unequal side lengths and all angles equal to 90 degrees?
- Cubic
- Triclinic
- Tetragonal
- Orthorhombic (correct)
Given that iron crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure with a density of 7.874 g/cm³ and a molar mass of 55.845 g/mol, calculate the approximate atomic radius of iron. (Use $N_A = 6.022 \times 10^{23}$)
Given that iron crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure with a density of 7.874 g/cm³ and a molar mass of 55.845 g/mol, calculate the approximate atomic radius of iron. (Use $N_A = 6.022 \times 10^{23}$)
A gold crystal has a density of 12.64 g/cm³ and an edge length of 4.695 x 10⁻⁸ cm. Given a molar mass of 196.967 g/mol, and $N_A= 6.022 \times 10^{23}$, identify its unit cell type.
A gold crystal has a density of 12.64 g/cm³ and an edge length of 4.695 x 10⁻⁸ cm. Given a molar mass of 196.967 g/mol, and $N_A= 6.022 \times 10^{23}$, identify its unit cell type.
Bragg's Law is essential in which of the following techniques?
Bragg's Law is essential in which of the following techniques?
According to Bragg's Law, when the angle of incidence is 30°, what is the wavelength for the first-order spectrum in terms of spacing d?
According to Bragg's Law, when the angle of incidence is 30°, what is the wavelength for the first-order spectrum in terms of spacing d?
In the context of Band Theory, what term is used to describe the region of allowed energy levels that electrons can occupy in a solid material?
In the context of Band Theory, what term is used to describe the region of allowed energy levels that electrons can occupy in a solid material?
In the unbalanced redox reaction $Sn + NO_3^- \rightarrow SnO_2 + NO_2$, what is the stoichiometric molar ratio of $SnO_2$ to $NO_3^-$?
In the unbalanced redox reaction $Sn + NO_3^- \rightarrow SnO_2 + NO_2$, what is the stoichiometric molar ratio of $SnO_2$ to $NO_3^-$?
How many electrons are involved in the redox reaction $Cr_2O_7^{2-} + SO_3^{2-} \rightarrow Cr^{3+} + SO_4^{2-}$?
How many electrons are involved in the redox reaction $Cr_2O_7^{2-} + SO_3^{2-} \rightarrow Cr^{3+} + SO_4^{2-}$?
What type of cell generates electricity due to spontaneous processes, but when provided energy can achieve non-spontaneous processes?
What type of cell generates electricity due to spontaneous processes, but when provided energy can achieve non-spontaneous processes?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding an electrolytic cell?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding an electrolytic cell?
In an electrochemical cell, which component is where oxidation occurs?
In an electrochemical cell, which component is where oxidation occurs?
Given the reaction $Au^{3+}(aq) + Br^-(aq) \rightarrow Au(s) + Br_2(g)$, with $Au^{3+}(aq) + 3e^- \rightarrow Au(s)$ ($E^0 = 1.50V$) and $Br_2(aq) + 2e^- \rightarrow 2Br^-(aq)$ ($E^0 = 1.09V$), what is the standard cell potential ($E^0_{cell}$) and is the reaction spontaneous?
Given the reaction $Au^{3+}(aq) + Br^-(aq) \rightarrow Au(s) + Br_2(g)$, with $Au^{3+}(aq) + 3e^- \rightarrow Au(s)$ ($E^0 = 1.50V$) and $Br_2(aq) + 2e^- \rightarrow 2Br^-(aq)$ ($E^0 = 1.09V$), what is the standard cell potential ($E^0_{cell}$) and is the reaction spontaneous?
Considering the reaction $Na^+(aq) + Ag(s) \rightarrow Na(s) + Ag^+(aq)$ with $Ag^+(aq) + e^- \rightarrow Ag(s)$ ($E^0 = +0.80V$) and $Na^+(aq) + e^- \rightarrow Na(s)$ ($E^0 = -2.71V$), which of the following statements is NOT true?
Considering the reaction $Na^+(aq) + Ag(s) \rightarrow Na(s) + Ag^+(aq)$ with $Ag^+(aq) + e^- \rightarrow Ag(s)$ ($E^0 = +0.80V$) and $Na^+(aq) + e^- \rightarrow Na(s)$ ($E^0 = -2.71V$), which of the following statements is NOT true?
Based on standard reduction potentials, which combination of species will react spontaneously, presuming one oxidation and one reduction takes place from the following: I. $Fe^{3+}$ and $Ag$ , II. $Au^{3+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$ , III. $Hg^{2+}$ and $Cr$ II. $Ag^+$ and $Fe^{2+}$ (See partial standard reduction table below)
Based on standard reduction potentials, which combination of species will react spontaneously, presuming one oxidation and one reduction takes place from the following: I. $Fe^{3+}$ and $Ag$ , II. $Au^{3+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$ , III. $Hg^{2+}$ and $Cr$ II. $Ag^+$ and $Fe^{2+}$ (See partial standard reduction table below)
Given the standard reduction potentials, which of the following combination of reactions will occur spontaneously?
Given the standard reduction potentials, which of the following combination of reactions will occur spontaneously?
Which of the following reactions is not possible to occur in a galvanic cell?
Which of the following reactions is not possible to occur in a galvanic cell?
For the reaction $Cu^{2+} + Zn \rightarrow Zn^{2+} + Cu$, given the standard reduction potentials, $Cu^{2+} + 2e^- \rightarrow Cu$ E° = +0.34V; $Zn^{2+} + 2e^- \rightarrow Zn$ E° = -0.76V, calculate the standard free energy change and predict its spontaneity.
For the reaction $Cu^{2+} + Zn \rightarrow Zn^{2+} + Cu$, given the standard reduction potentials, $Cu^{2+} + 2e^- \rightarrow Cu$ E° = +0.34V; $Zn^{2+} + 2e^- \rightarrow Zn$ E° = -0.76V, calculate the standard free energy change and predict its spontaneity.
Given the reaction: $Au^{3+}(aq) + Br^{-}(aq) \rightarrow Au(s) + Br_2(g)$, with standard reduction potentials $Au^{3+}(aq) + 3e^- \rightarrow Au(s) E^0$ = 1.50V, $Br_2(aq) + 2e^- \rightarrow 2Br^-(aq)$ $E^0$ = 1.09V, what is the equilibrium constant of the reaction?
Given the reaction: $Au^{3+}(aq) + Br^{-}(aq) \rightarrow Au(s) + Br_2(g)$, with standard reduction potentials $Au^{3+}(aq) + 3e^- \rightarrow Au(s) E^0$ = 1.50V, $Br_2(aq) + 2e^- \rightarrow 2Br^-(aq)$ $E^0$ = 1.09V, what is the equilibrium constant of the reaction?
Referring to the redox reaction $Ag^+(aq) + Na(s) \rightarrow Ag(s) + Na^+(s)$, with standard reduction potentials: $Ag^+(aq) + e^- \rightarrow Ag(s)$ E° = +0.80V and $Na^+(aq) + e^- \rightarrow Na(s)$ E° = -2.71V, what will be the $E_{cell}$ if [$Ag^+$]=2.7M and [$Na^+$]=1.2M?
Referring to the redox reaction $Ag^+(aq) + Na(s) \rightarrow Ag(s) + Na^+(s)$, with standard reduction potentials: $Ag^+(aq) + e^- \rightarrow Ag(s)$ E° = +0.80V and $Na^+(aq) + e^- \rightarrow Na(s)$ E° = -2.71V, what will be the $E_{cell}$ if [$Ag^+$]=2.7M and [$Na^+$]=1.2M?
Which battery has 6 sets of cells submerged in a sulfuric acid electrolyte, is rechargeable and commonly used in automobiles?
Which battery has 6 sets of cells submerged in a sulfuric acid electrolyte, is rechargeable and commonly used in automobiles?
Which statement is TRUE about a Mercury Battery?
Which statement is TRUE about a Mercury Battery?
What is the deterioration process of a metal through an electrochemical process?
What is the deterioration process of a metal through an electrochemical process?
Which type of electrochemical cell uses electrical energy to drive a nonspontaneous chemical reaction?
Which type of electrochemical cell uses electrical energy to drive a nonspontaneous chemical reaction?
Given the following standard reduction potentials: $Ag^+ (aq) + e^- \rightarrow Ag(s)$ $E^0 = +0.80 V$ and $Fe^{3+}(aq) + e^- \rightarrow Fe^{2+}(aq)$ $E^0 = +0.77 V$. What is the standard cell potential ($E^0_{cell}$) for the reaction $Fe^{3+}(aq) + Ag(s) \rightarrow Fe^{2+}(aq) + Ag^+(aq)$, and would this reaction occur spontaneously in an electrolytic cell?
Given the following standard reduction potentials: $Ag^+ (aq) + e^- \rightarrow Ag(s)$ $E^0 = +0.80 V$ and $Fe^{3+}(aq) + e^- \rightarrow Fe^{2+}(aq)$ $E^0 = +0.77 V$. What is the standard cell potential ($E^0_{cell}$) for the reaction $Fe^{3+}(aq) + Ag(s) \rightarrow Fe^{2+}(aq) + Ag^+(aq)$, and would this reaction occur spontaneously in an electrolytic cell?
Copper metal is purified by electrolysis from copper (II) oxide. If a current of 10.0 A is applied for 12.0 hours, approximately how many grams of copper will be produced? (Molar mass of Cu = 63.546 g/mol, F = 96485 C/mol)
Copper metal is purified by electrolysis from copper (II) oxide. If a current of 10.0 A is applied for 12.0 hours, approximately how many grams of copper will be produced? (Molar mass of Cu = 63.546 g/mol, F = 96485 C/mol)
How much time is required to electroplate a flute with 28.3 g of silver from a silver nitrate ($AgNO_3$) solution at constant current of 2.0 amps, using the fact that the molar mass of silver is 107.90 g/mol?
How much time is required to electroplate a flute with 28.3 g of silver from a silver nitrate ($AgNO_3$) solution at constant current of 2.0 amps, using the fact that the molar mass of silver is 107.90 g/mol?
If 1.00 gram of lead (Pb, 207.2 g/mol) is consumed at the anode of a lead-acid car battery, and a current of 0.500 amps is used to recharge it, approximately how long will it take to turn the $PbSO_4$ back into lead?
If 1.00 gram of lead (Pb, 207.2 g/mol) is consumed at the anode of a lead-acid car battery, and a current of 0.500 amps is used to recharge it, approximately how long will it take to turn the $PbSO_4$ back into lead?
According to the phase diagram provided, which points represent conditions where only the liquid phase is present?
According to the phase diagram provided, which points represent conditions where only the liquid phase is present?
Referring to the same phase diagram at which point represents L phase?
Referring to the same phase diagram at which point represents L phase?
Referring to the provided phase diagram, which point represents the phase β?
Referring to the provided phase diagram, which point represents the phase β?
Flashcards
Electrolytic Cell
Electrolytic Cell
An electrochemical cell that uses electrical energy to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
Standard Cell Potential (E°cell)
Standard Cell Potential (E°cell)
The potential difference between the two electrodes of an electrochemical cell under standard conditions (298 K, 1 atm, 1 M concentrations).
Electroplating
Electroplating
The process of using electric current to deposit a metal onto a surface.
Faraday's Constant (F)
Faraday's Constant (F)
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Electrolytic Mass
Electrolytic Mass
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Electrolysis Time
Electrolysis Time
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Phase Diagram
Phase Diagram
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Liquid Phase (L)
Liquid Phase (L)
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What's the stoichiometric molar ratio of SnO2/NO3- in the balanced redox reaction:
Sn + NO3- → SnO2 + NO2?
What's the stoichiometric molar ratio of SnO2/NO3- in the balanced redox reaction: Sn + NO3- → SnO2 + NO2?
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How many electrons are involved in the redox reaction:
Cr2O72- + SO32- → Cr3+ + SO42- ?
How many electrons are involved in the redox reaction: Cr2O72- + SO32- → Cr3+ + SO42- ?
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What is an electrolytic cell?
What is an electrolytic cell?
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What's true about electrolytic cells?
What's true about electrolytic cells?
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Where does oxidation occur in an electrochemical cell?
Where does oxidation occur in an electrochemical cell?
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Analyze the reaction: Na+ (aq) + Ag(s) →Na(s) + Ag+ (s)
Ag+ (aq) + e- → Ag(s) E⁰=+0.80 V
Na+ (aq) + e- → Na(s) E⁰= -2.71 V
Analyze the reaction: Na+ (aq) + Ag(s) →Na(s) + Ag+ (s) Ag+ (aq) + e- → Ag(s) E⁰=+0.80 V Na+ (aq) + e- → Na(s) E⁰= -2.71 V
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What is a galvanic cell?
What is a galvanic cell?
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What is the standard cell potential (Ecell) and spontaneity of the reaction:
Au3+ (aq) + Br- (aq) → Au(s) + Br2 (g)
Au3+ (aq) + 3e- → Au(s) E⁰ = 1.50 V
Br2 (aq) + 2e- → 2Br- (aq) E⁰ = 1.09 V
What is the standard cell potential (Ecell) and spontaneity of the reaction: Au3+ (aq) + Br- (aq) → Au(s) + Br2 (g) Au3+ (aq) + 3e- → Au(s) E⁰ = 1.50 V Br2 (aq) + 2e- → 2Br- (aq) E⁰ = 1.09 V
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Amorphous Solid
Amorphous Solid
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Unit Cell
Unit Cell
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Cubic Crystal Lattice
Cubic Crystal Lattice
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Tetragonal Crystal Lattice
Tetragonal Crystal Lattice
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Orthorhombic Crystal Lattice
Orthorhombic Crystal Lattice
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Bragg's Law
Bragg's Law
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Energy Band
Energy Band
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Semiconductor at Absolute Zero
Semiconductor at Absolute Zero
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How to calculate the cell potential (Ecell) and determine spontaneity?
How to calculate the cell potential (Ecell) and determine spontaneity?
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How to calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for a redox reaction?
How to calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for a redox reaction?
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What is the Nernst equation?
What is the Nernst equation?
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What is a lead-acid battery?
What is a lead-acid battery?
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What is corrosion?
What is corrosion?
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What is a mercury battery?
What is a mercury battery?
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What is the standard cell potential (E°cell)?
What is the standard cell potential (E°cell)?
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Study Notes
Stoichiometric Molar Ratio
- The ratio of SnO₂ to NO₃⁻ in the unbalanced redox reaction Sn + NO₃⁻ → SnO₂ + NO₂ is 4/1
Number of Electrons Involved
- In the redox reaction Cr₂O₇²⁻ + SO₃²⁻ → Cr³⁺ + SO₄²⁻, 6 electrons are involved.
Cell Types
- A galvanic cell generates electricity from spontaneous processes.
- An electrolytic cell requires energy to drive a non-spontaneous process.
- An electrochemical cell is a general term encompassing both galvanic and electrolytic cells.
Electrolytic Cell Characteristics
- Electrolytic cells require energy to function.
- Electrolytic cells exhibit a positive Ecell (cell potential).
- Electrolytic cells involve non-spontaneous processes.
- Electrolytic cells produce electrical energy.
Oxidation in Electrochemical Cells
- Oxidation occurs at the anode.
Standard Cell Potential
- For the reaction Au³⁺(aq) + Br⁻(aq) → Au(s) + Br₂ (g), the standard cell potential (E°cell) is 0.41 V.
- The reaction is spontaneous.
False Statements For the Na⁺(aq) + Ag(s) Reaction
- The reaction Na⁺(aq) + Ag(s) → Na(s) + Ag⁺(s) , the reaction is non-spontaneous and does not occur spontaneously in a galvanic cell.
- The Ecell (cell potential) is negative.
- Energy is needed to make the reaction occur.
Electrochemical Species Reactions
- Some electrochemical species react spontaneously while others do not. Spontaneous reactions occur when the combination of species is favorable based on the reduction potentials. Determining if a combination is spontaneous requires evaluation of each species’ individual reduction potential.
Reactions Not Possible in a Galvanic Cell
- Certain redox reactions are not possible in galvanic cells as they indicate non-spontaneous reactions.
Free Energy and Spontaneity
- For the reaction Cu²⁺ + Zn → Zn²⁺ + Cu, the calculated free energy is -214x10³ kJ/mol and the reaction is nonspontaneous.
Equilibrium Constant Calculation
- For the reaction Au³⁺(aq) + Br⁻(aq) → Au(s) + Br₂ (g), the equilibrium constant is 6.10 x 10²⁰
Redox Reaction and Phase Diagram
- Describing the phase conditions of a material based on a given table.
- There is no sufficient information to generate a summary based on the data provided.
Electroplating Time
- Information required to calculate the time needed to electroplate a substance is not given.
Electroplating Consumption
-To determine recharging the battery time, the information about the consumption of lead-acid battery needed is not given.
Phase Diagram Points
- Phase diagram points showing the conditions for a material to exist as a liquid are highlighted.
Phase Presence
- The table represents conditions of a material at a certain point in a graph.
Amorphous Solid Images
- Certain images of chemical structure indicate amorphous solids based on their appearance.
Unit Cell Atoms
- The unit cell with 4 atoms is the simple cubic.
Crystal Lattice Angles
- A crystal lattice with differing side lengths and 90 angles between them is orthorhombic.
Atomic Radius Calculation
- The atomic radius of a given material calculated using information about its density and other properties.
X-ray Crystallography and Diffraction
- The Bragg's law specifically relates to X-ray crystallography procedures and measurements.
Band Theory Terminology
- The term in band theory relating to the range of energy levels that electrons can occupy in a solid material is energy zone.
Semiconductor Behavior at Absolute Zero
- Semiconductors at an absolute zero temperature are insulators in their properties.
Polymer Types and Properties
- Descriptions of different polymers based on a classification scheme showing their physical behaviors.
Composite Materials
- Types of composite materials are introduced and distinguished in descriptions, showing how they are categorized.
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