Electrification Progress of Indian Railways
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of insulators in the OHE system?

  • To regulate the temperature of the OHE system
  • To insulate the OHE of one track from another (correct)
  • To enhance the electrical conductivity of the wires
  • To support the weight of the OHE

At what height should the contact wire be maintained over level crossings?

  • 5.80 M
  • 5.75 M
  • 5.50 M (correct)
  • 4.67 M

What is the purpose of the neutral section (NS) in an OHE system?

  • To separate the OHE of two adjoining feed posts (correct)
  • To reduce voltage drop across long distances
  • To enhance the power transfer to the locomotive
  • To connect two traction transformers

How many traction transformers does each traction sub-station (TSS) typically have?

<p>Two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum height requirement for the contact wire over an electric loco shed?

<p>5.80 M (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What voltage was demonstrated by French National Railways as superior for electric traction in 1955?

<p>25 KV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Indian Railways begin adopting the 25 KV system for their electrification scheme?

<p>1957 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the total cumulative electrification reached by the end of the 7th Plan (1990-92)?

<p>10809 RKM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plan had the highest total electrification in terms of RKM (Route Kilometers)?

<p>11th Plan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the cumulative electrification at the end of the 1st Plan (1951-56)?

<p>529 RKM (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which year was marked by the first electric train from BINA to KATNI?

<p>1995 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the total electrification at the end of the 10th Plan (2002-2007)?

<p>17811 RKM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What period corresponds to the 3rd Plan's electrification progress?

<p>1961-66 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Indian Railways' total track is electrified?

<p>29.85% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much is the average cost of electrification for double line using 25 KV AC traction?

<p>1 crore (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following RKM values corresponds to total RKM energized on 25 KV AC?

<p>18942 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total traction charge in million Rs. for the year 2006-07?

<p>44276 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diameter is the dropper wire used in the Over Head Equipment (OHE)?

<p>5 mm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electrification work in progress as of December 2009?

<p>1000 RKM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall diameter of the Catenary wire?

<p>10.5 mm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which traction type had 49% of passenger train KM hauled?

<p>Electric Traction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much energy was consumed in million KWH during the year 2007-08?

<p>10469 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of copper is used for the contact wire?

<p>Grooved electrolytic copper (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total current carrying capacity of both wires?

<p>600 Amps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of wire is used as the Catenary wire in the OHE?

<p>Cadmium Copper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average cost per KWH for the year 2005-06 expressed in paisa?

<p>4.29 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the span vary in the OHE system?

<p>It varies between 72 meters and 27 meters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using an independent mast in the OHE system?

<p>To provide mechanical independence for each track. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of portal is used in multiple track sections where space is limited?

<p>N type portal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a presag of 100 mm provided on the contact wire?

<p>For the maximum span of 72 meters. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condemning size of the contact wire?

<p>8.25 mm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of galvanizing masts and portals?

<p>To protect against corrosion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a type of foundation used for traction masts?

<p>Reinforced concrete (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum effective distance the contact wire can sweep beyond the center line of the pantograph pan on tangent tracks?

<p>200 mm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum vertical clearance required for long duration conditions under worst cases?

<p>250 mm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often are the OHE conductors terminated?

<p>Every 1.5 kilometers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distance maintained between the conductors during an uninsulated overlap?

<p>200 mm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of installing an anticreep point in regulated OHE systems?

<p>To ensure uniform distribution of mechanical tension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum horizontal distance required for short duration conditions?

<p>200 mm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of overlap has conductors kept 500 mm apart?

<p>Insulated Overlap (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for staggering the contact wire at support?

<p>To ensure uniform wear of the steel strips of the pantograph (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of switch is used to bridge electrical continuity at an insulated overlap?

<p>Interrupters or Isolating Switches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern regarding the physical clearance of conductors at support?

<p>To avoid sparks when pantograph glides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum contact wire height specified for an electric loco shed?

<p>5.80 M (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the overlap in the runners during a pantograph's transition from one track to another?

<p>To prevent sparking during the change over (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity of each traction transformer in a traction sub-station?

<p>Sufficient to feed its own feed zone and half of the adjoining feed zone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following temperature conditions requires the highest minimum height for the contact wire?

<p>Unregulated OHE at 4°C to 65°C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the Neutral Section (NS) serve in an OHE system?

<p>To separate the OHE of two adjoining feed posts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the cumulative electrification achieved during the 4th Plan (1969-74)?

<p>4190 RKM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Plan had the highest amount of electrification in terms of RKM?

<p>7th Plan (1985-90) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did Indian Railways start electrofuelling from BINA to KATNI?

<p>1995 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the total electrified RKM by the end of the 6th Plan (1980-85)?

<p>6440 RKM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following time periods corresponds to the 2nd Plan's electrification progress?

<p>1951-56 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the cumulative electrification total reached by the end of the 9th Plan (1997-2002)?

<p>16001 RKM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the cumulative electrification achieved during the 3rd Plan (1961-66)?

<p>2423 RKM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which year marked the completion of the 1st Plan's electrification progress?

<p>1956 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Indian Railways' passenger train kilometers are hauled by electric traction?

<p>49% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total RKM energized on 1500 V DC for Broad Gauge (BG)?

<p>258 RKM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total cross-sectional area of the Catenary wire?

<p>65 sq.mm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of portal is used in regions where space for independent masts is limited?

<p>O type (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate average cost of electrification for a double line using 25 KV AC traction?

<p>1 crore (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average cost per kilowatt-hour (KWH) for the year 2006-07 expressed in paisa?

<p>4.32 paisa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in diameter between the Catenary wire and the contact wire?

<p>1.74 mm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many types of foundations are commonly used for traction masts?

<p>Five (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tension is maintained in each conductor of the Over Head Equipment (OHE)?

<p>1000 kgs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total electrification work in progress as of December 2009?

<p>1000 RKM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the presag provided on the contact wire for a maximum span of 72 meters?

<p>100 mm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total energy consumed in million KWH during the year 2007-08?

<p>10469 million KWH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum wind pressure associated with the adoption of a 72 meter span?

<p>112.5 kgs/M2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of steel mast is NOT mentioned in the provided information?

<p>I Beam (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wire size is used for the contact wire in the overhead equipment?

<p>107 sq.mm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diameter is the contact wire used in the OHE system?

<p>12.24 mm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of traction has 63% of Broad Gauge (BG) freight GTKM hauled?

<p>Electric (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall conductivity percentage of the Catenary wire?

<p>80% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total RKM for double line electrification on 25 KV AC?

<p>18942 RKM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which foundation type is not considered standard for traction masts?

<p>Loose Gravel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum distance the contact wire can sweep beyond the center line of the pantograph pan on curved tracks?

<p>300 mm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During short duration conditions, what is the minimum horizontal clearance required between live parts and fixed structures?

<p>200 mm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the anticreep point installed in regulated OHE systems?

<p>To ensure uniform distribution of tension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of overlap has conductors that are separated by 200 mm and interconnected by jumpers?

<p>Uninsulated Overlap (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When staggering the contact wire at support, what is the primary objective of allowing it to sweep across the pantograph pan?

<p>To ensure uniform wear of the steel strips (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum vertical clearance required under worst conditions for long-duration exposure?

<p>250 mm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often are the OHE conductors terminated to ensure effective operation?

<p>Every 1.5 kilometers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distance maintained between conductors during an insulated overlap?

<p>500 mm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adjustment is made to the height of the conductors at support during the changeover process?

<p>To allow for pantograph glide without sparks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For electrical continuity at insulated overlaps, which device is typically used?

<p>Interrupters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Electric Traction in India

The use of electricity to power trains in India, starting with a 25 KV single-phase AC system.

25 KV Single Phase AC

A specific electrical system used for train traction in India, found superior to others.

Electrification Progress

The gradual increase in the use of electric trains in India over time.

Indian Railways Electrification

A project to increase the use of electricity to power the Indian railway system.

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1957 Electrification Start

The year when the Indian Railways began using the 25 KV AC system for electrification, collaborating with SNCF.

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Electrified Track Length

The amount of railway tracks converted for electric use to increase traction.

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First Electric Train Route

The initial railway route where a 25 KV AC-powered electric train operated.

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Electrification Plans

The different stages or plans used for increasing electric train usage in India.

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Indian Railway Track Length

The total length of railway tracks in India is 63327 kilometers.

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Electrified Track Length (2009)

18942 kilometers of railway track were electrified by March 31, 2009.

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Electrification Percentage (2009)

29.85% of the Indian railway track was electrified by March 31, 2009.

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25 KV AC Electrification Cost (per km, single line)

The approximate cost of electrifying a single line of track using 25 KV AC traction was 75 Lakh (Indian Rupees) per kilometer.

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1500 V DC Electrification (km)

258 kilometers of broad gauge (BG) track were electrified using 1500 V DC by a given date.

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25 KV AC Electrification (km)

18942 km of broad gauge (BG) track were electrified by 25 KV AC as of a specific date.

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2x25 KV AC Electrification (km)

627 kilometers of broad gauge (BG) track were electrified by 2x25 KV AC as of a specific date.

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Electrification Work in Progress (2009)

1000 kilometers of railway track electrification work was in progress as of December 2009.

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2009-10 Electrification Target

The electrification target for the year 2009-10 was 1000 kilometers.

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Electric Passenger Train KMs (2009)

Electric traction hauled 49% of passenger train kilometers in a given period.

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Catenary wire composition

The catenary wire consists of 19 cadmium copper strands, each with a 2.10 mm diameter. It has an overall diameter of 10.5 mm, 80% conductivity, and a 65 sq.mm cross-sectional area.

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Contact wire material

The contact wire is a solid, hard-drawn, grooved electrolytic copper with a 12.24 mm diameter and 107 sq.mm cross-sectional area.

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Current carrying capacity

The combined current carrying capacity of both catenary and contact wires is 600 Amps.

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OHE span range

The Overhead Line Equipment (OHE) span varies from 27 meters to 72 meters, with 4.5-meter increments.

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Span reduction

Span length is adjusted according to the curvature of the track.

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OHE support mast types

OHE masts include BFB (Broad Flanged Beam), RSJ (Rolled Steel Joist), and fabricated rectangular K and B type masts.

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Portal use

Portals are used in multi-track sections where independent masts can't be placed between tracks.

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Foundation types

OHE masts and portals are set in different foundation types (side bearing, side gravity, pure gravity, wet/dry black cotton soil) based on soil conditions.

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Contact wire presag (sag)

A 100mm presag for the 72m span, which reduced proportionally for shorter spans, is typical.

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Presag's implication for speed

Regulated OHE with 100 mm presag is suitable for 160 kmph speed operation.

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Contact Wire Staggering

The contact wire is deliberately offset at support points so that the pantograph's sliding motion sweeps across the contact wire, ensuring even wear on both sides of the pantograph pan.

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Pantograph Pan Movement

The pantograph, when gliding along the contact wire, moves horizontally across the contact wire's surface by a distance of 200mm on straight tracks and 300mm on curved tracks.

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Electrical Clearance

The minimum distance maintained between live electrical components and any grounded elements, like structures or moving loads.

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Electrical Clearance: Long Duration

The minimum clearance for long-term usage, ensuring a safe distance between live parts and grounded components.

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Electrical Clearance: Short Duration

The minimum clearance for brief periods, ensuring a safe distance between live parts and grounded components.

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OHE Conductor Termination

OHE conductors are terminated at regular intervals (1.5 kilometers) and securely anchored to ensure continuity and support.

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Conductor Overlap

Overlapping conductors are used to ensure a smooth transition between sections of overhead lines, preventing sparks or interruptions.

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Uninsulated Overlap

A type of overlap where conductors are directly connected using jumpers, maintaining 200mm spacing and ensuring electrical continuity.

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Insulated Overlap

A type of overlap where conductors are separated by 500mm and connected using interrupters or isolating switches, except at a Neutral Section.

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Anticreep Point

A point placed in the middle of the tension length of OHE conductors in regulated systems to ensure even tension distribution.

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Section Insulator

A device used to electrically isolate different sections of Overhead Equipment (OHE) on a railway track. They prevent current flow between tracks and help isolate sidings from the main line.

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Pantograph Overlap

The intentional overlap of the pantograph's contact with the OHE wire when a locomotive changes tracks. This overlap prevents electrical sparking during the transition.

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OHE Contact Wire Height

The distance between the rail gauge and the contact wire, which varies based on the surrounding environment and safety requirements.

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Traction Sub Station (TSS)

A facility that provides electrical power to the Overhead Equipment (OHE) system for electric locomotives, with a backup transformer for redundancy.

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Feed Post (FP)

A point where a Traction Sub Station (TSS) supplies power to the Overhead Equipment (OHE) system.

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What system does Indian Railways use for electric traction?

Indian Railways uses a 25 KV single-phase, 50 cycles (Industrial Frequency) AC system for electric traction.

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Who was the collaborator in Indian Railways initial electrification?

The French National Railways (SNCF) collaborated with Indian Railways in the initial electrification scheme.

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When did Indian Railways start using electric traction?

Indian Railways adopted the 25 KV AC system for electrification in 1957.

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Track Length Electrified (2009)

By March 31, 2009, a total of 18942 kilometers of track were electrified in India.

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What is a Traction Sub Station (TSS)?

A Traction Sub Station (TSS) provides electrical power to the Overhead Equipment (OHE) system for electric locomotives.

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What is the purpose of a Feed Post (FP)?

A Feed Post (FP) is the point where a Traction Sub Station (TSS) supplies power to the Overhead Equipment (OHE) system.

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What is the purpose of the catenary and contact wires?

The catenary and contact wires are used to carry the electrical power from the TSS to the locomotives.

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Electrification Cost per Kilometer

The approximate cost to electrify one kilometer of railway track using 25 KV AC traction is 75 Lakh (Indian Rupees) for a single line and 1 crore for a double line.

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What is 2x25 KV AC Electrification?

This refers to a specific type of electrification system used in railways, where two 25 KV AC lines are used instead of just one.

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Overhead Equipment (OHE)

The system of wires, supports, and components that carry the electrical current to power trains.

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Catenary Wire

The main supporting wire of the OHE system, made of cadmium copper and usually 65 sq.mm in size.

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Contact Wire

The wire that the train's pantograph collects electricity from. It's usually hard drawn grooved copper and 107 sq.mm in size.

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Automatic Tensioning Device

A system that automatically adjusts the tension in the catenary and contact wires to compensate for temperature changes.

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What is the OHE supported by?

The OHE is supported by swiveling cantilever brackets.

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What does the TSS connect to?

The TSS connects to feed posts (FP) to supply power to the OHE system.

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What is the purpose of a section insulator?

It electrically isolates different sections of the OHE. This prevents current flow between tracks and helps isolate sidings from the main line.

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OHE Span

The distance between two support structures (masts or portals) holding the OHE wires, ranging from 27 to 72 meters.

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OHE Mast Types

Different types of structures used to support OHE, including Broad Flanged Beam (BFB), Rolled Steel Joist (RSJ), and fabricated rectangular K and B type masts.

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Contact Wire Presag

The amount of sag (droop) in the contact wire, designed to accommodate the maximum span of 72 meters, and reduced proportionally for shorter spans.

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Presag for Speed

A regulated OHE with 100 mm presag is suitable for 160 kmph speed operation.

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Contact Wire Height

The distance between the rail gauge and the contact wire, determining the clearance for trains to safely pass underneath. This height varies based on the environment and safety regulations.

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Long Duration Clearance

The minimum clearance required for long-term electrical operations, ensuring a safe distance between live parts and grounded components.

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Short Duration Clearance

The minimum clearance required for brief periods, ensuring a safe distance between live parts and grounded components.

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Study Notes

Traction Distribution

  • French National Railways (SNCF) demonstrated 25 KV single-phase, 50 cycles AC system's superiority in 1955.
  • Indian Railways adopted this system in 1957 in collaboration with SNCF.
  • Indian Railways are now independently carrying out electrification works.

Plan-Wise Progress of Electrification on IR

  • Pre-Independence period (1945-47): 388 RKM electrified.
  • Plan 1 (1951-56): 141 RKM electrified, cumulative total 529 RKM.
  • Plan 2 (1956-61): 216 RKM electrified, cumulative total 745 RKM.
  • Plan 3 (1961-66): 1678 RKM electrified, cumulative total 2423 RKM.
  • Plan 4 (1966-69): 814 RKM electrified, cumulative total 3237 RKM.
  • Plan 5 (1969-74): 935 RKM electrified, cumulative total 4190 RKM.
  • Plan 6 (1974-78): 533 RKM electrified, cumulative total 4723 RKM.
  • Plan 7 (1978-80): 195 RKM electrified, cumulative total 4918 RKM.
  • From Plan 1 to 11th plan (1980-85, 1985-90, 1990-92, 1992-97, 1997-2002,2002-2007). Electrified RKM data are listed.
  • Electrified cumulative RKM up to March 31, 2009: 18942 RKM.
  • Total Track electrified up to March 31, 2009: 63327 RKM.
  • Percentage of electrified track in India: 29.85%.
  • First electric train traveled from Bina to Katni on January 16, 1995.

Cost of Electrification

  • Approximate average cost of electrification is provided per kilometer for 25 KV AC and 2x25 KV AC traction and single line and double line.

Details of Electrification

  • Details of RKM energized by voltage types (1500 V DC, 25 KV AC, and 2x25 KV AC) are presented.
  • Electrification work progress in December 2009.
  • Percentage of passenger and freight train kilometers by electrification.
  • Data on total traction charges (in millions of rupees) from 2005-06 to 2007-08 and energy consumed (in millions of kWh).
  • Average cost per kWh (in paise).

Over Head Equipment (OHE)

  • OHE components and their dimensions (e.g., size of Catenary wire, contact wire, dropper wires, conductors).
  • Details for Catenary wire, its composition, diameter, cross-sectional area, and current carrying capacity are detailed.
  • Contact wire specifications are provided, including size and material.
  • OHE span variations, ranging from 72 meters to 27 meters with a 4.5-meter step, are described.
  • Maximum span considerations based on wind pressure (112.5 kg/m² and 75 kg/m²).
  • Span reduction based on curvature.
  • Type and Material used for mast, portals, and foundations used.
  • Methods of maintaining electrical clearance between live and earthed parts.
  • Minimum vertical distances and minimum horizontal distances in different scenarios (long duration, short duration).
  • Details of OHE conductors termination, overlapping methods (uninsulated, insulated), jumpers, and connection methods are detailed (e.g., 200 mm distance in uninsulated overlaps, 500 mm in insulated overlaps).

Traction Substation (TSS)

  • Each TSS has two traction transformers, one working and one as standby.
  • Capacity of each transformer is sufficient for its own and half of the adjacent feed zone.
  • Feeding Post (FP) is responsible for supplying 25KV traction power to OHE.
  • Feed length is described as the traction transformer zone.

Other Types of OHE

  • Neutral section (NS), sectionalization
  • Sectioning post (SP), sub-sectioning
  • Sector and Sub-sector
  • Elementary Section (ES)

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Indian Railways Electrification PDF

Description

This quiz focuses on the history and progress of electrification in Indian Railways from the pre-independence era to recent developments. It covers significant milestones, plans, and the collaboration with French National Railways for the adoption of the 25 KV system. Test your knowledge on this transformative journey of India's railway electrification.

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