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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a Voltage Regulator in an Electrical Power System?
What is the primary function of a Voltage Regulator in an Electrical Power System?
- To regulate voltage for system supply (correct)
- To provide on/off control of voltage
- To measure voltage levels accurately
- To store excess energy for later use
Which type of solar cell configuration is necessary to achieve higher current output?
Which type of solar cell configuration is necessary to achieve higher current output?
- Cells arranged only in parallel (correct)
- Cells arranged only in series
- Cells arranged in a series and parallel combination
- Cells arranged with maximum spacing
What role do rechargeable batteries play in the power system during a satellite launch?
What role do rechargeable batteries play in the power system during a satellite launch?
- They provide the main power source during operation
- They are used solely for data handling by microcontrollers
- They integrate with solar panels for optimal efficiency
- They supply power continually despite solar eclipses (correct)
Which of the following materials has the highest efficiency in solar cell applications as mentioned?
Which of the following materials has the highest efficiency in solar cell applications as mentioned?
What component is responsible for ensuring appropriate voltage control in the electrical power system?
What component is responsible for ensuring appropriate voltage control in the electrical power system?
What is the primary application of Nickel Cadmium batteries?
What is the primary application of Nickel Cadmium batteries?
What improvement does Nickel Hydrogen (NiH2) batteries offer over Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries in terms of storage capability?
What improvement does Nickel Hydrogen (NiH2) batteries offer over Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries in terms of storage capability?
What is the maximum charge voltage limit for Lithium Ion batteries?
What is the maximum charge voltage limit for Lithium Ion batteries?
Which of the following limitations is specific to Lithium Ion batteries?
Which of the following limitations is specific to Lithium Ion batteries?
What is the expected life of Lithium Ion batteries?
What is the expected life of Lithium Ion batteries?
What is the primary function of an electronic speed controller (ESC) in a drone?
What is the primary function of an electronic speed controller (ESC) in a drone?
Which of the following components acts as the 'brain' of a drone?
Which of the following components acts as the 'brain' of a drone?
What is a characteristic feature of lithium-polymer (LiPo) batteries?
What is a characteristic feature of lithium-polymer (LiPo) batteries?
Which of the following is most suitable for tracing and navigating a drone?
Which of the following is most suitable for tracing and navigating a drone?
What is the minimum requirement for a drone's transmitter and receiver?
What is the minimum requirement for a drone's transmitter and receiver?
What are the major influencers in solar array sizing?
What are the major influencers in solar array sizing?
Which type of solar cell is known for its higher efficiency?
Which type of solar cell is known for its higher efficiency?
Which component of a battery is responsible for conducting electricity to the outside circuit?
Which component of a battery is responsible for conducting electricity to the outside circuit?
What is the primary function of the separator in a battery?
What is the primary function of the separator in a battery?
In the context of energy storage, what does a redox reaction involve?
In the context of energy storage, what does a redox reaction involve?
What is the purpose of the electrolyte in a battery?
What is the purpose of the electrolyte in a battery?
Which of the following components of a battery is oxidized during the electrochemical reaction?
Which of the following components of a battery is oxidized during the electrochemical reaction?
Which part of the solar power system is responsible for generating DC voltage?
Which part of the solar power system is responsible for generating DC voltage?
What is a primary advantage of using Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries in drones?
What is a primary advantage of using Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries in drones?
What does the C-Rating of a LiPo battery indicate?
What does the C-Rating of a LiPo battery indicate?
At what voltage does a fully charged single cell LiPo battery operate?
At what voltage does a fully charged single cell LiPo battery operate?
Which combination of cells affects the operational voltage of a LiPo battery?
Which combination of cells affects the operational voltage of a LiPo battery?
What happens to the voltage of a LiPo battery when the charge reaches 20%?
What happens to the voltage of a LiPo battery when the charge reaches 20%?
What is the typical C-Rating range commonly used for drone batteries?
What is the typical C-Rating range commonly used for drone batteries?
What defines a dry cell battery?
What defines a dry cell battery?
Why is energy density important for a drone battery?
Why is energy density important for a drone battery?
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Study Notes
Electrical Components
- Switch: Controls voltage on/off for electrical circuits.
- Voltage Divider: Used to measure and provide specific voltage levels.
- Microcontroller (Atmega): Handles data processing and control functions.
- Voltage Regulator: Maintains stable voltage to power systems.
- Sensors: Measure parameters like temperature and pressure.
Electrical Power System (EPS)
- Supplies required electrical power to satellite systems for efficient operation.
- Comprises four main components:
- Power Source
- Energy Storage
- Power Distribution
- Power Regulation and Control
Energy Storage
- Rechargeable batteries supply power post-launch when solar panels may be inactive, ensuring continuous system operation.
Solar Cells Efficiency
- Si (substrate): 17%
- GaAs: 20%
- GaAs/Ge: 19%
- InP (epitaxial): 17%
- Dual Junction (GaAs based): 22%
- Triple (Multi) Junction: 30%
Solar Array
- Composed of solar cells configured in series and parallel.
- Series cells increase voltage.
- Parallel cells boost current.
- Design factors include radiation effects, diode losses, and other efficiency factors.
Solar Array Sizing
- Sizing based on load power and battery charging needs.
- Factors influencing generation:
- Deterioration over time
- Seasonal variations
- End-of-life generation capabilities
- Cell types: Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline, Thin-film.
Satellite Power System
- Generates uninterrupted DC voltage meeting satellite power demands.
- Integrates solar energy sources, controllers, and energy storage for effective load management.
Battery Composition and Function
- Batteries contain electrochemical cells converting chemical to electrical energy.
- Key components include:
- Anode: Oxidation occurs here (powdered zinc metal).
- Cathode: Reduction via manganese dioxide and carbon.
- Electrolyte: Potassium hydroxide solution facilitating ion movement.
- Separator: Fibrous fabric preventing electrode contact.
- Collector: Conducts electricity to external components.
Types of Batteries by Application
- Lead Acid Battery: Terrestrial use only.
- Nickel Cadmium Battery: Both terrestrial and space applications.
- Nickel Hydrogen Battery: Exclusive for space use.
- Nickel Metal Hydride Battery: Terrestrial applications.
- Lithium Ion Battery: Versatile across terrestrial and space uses.
Advances in Spacecraft Batteries
- Transition from NiCd batteries (limited lifespan) to NiH2 batteries, improving storage from 30 Wh/kg to 60 Wh/kg.
- Introduction of Li-Ion batteries offers 120 Wh/kg and a life expectancy of around 15 years.
- Lithium Ion Cell Parameters: Specific energy of 100-140 Wh/kg, operating temperature of 10°C - 30°C, low self-discharge rate (< 10%/month).
Limitations of Li-Ion Batteries
- Sensitive to overcharging and deep discharges, resulting in shortened lifespan and damage.
Dry Cell Batteries
- Utilize a paste electrolyte and can include AA, AAA, and LiPo batteries.
- LiPo Batteries: High energy density and lightweight, ideal for drone applications, providing substantial current with minimal weight.
Drone Battery Considerations
- C-Rating: Indicates maximum safe discharge current, essential for drone performance; commonly between 15C and 25C.
- Voltage configurations achieved through series and parallel cell arrangements.
Drone Electronics
- Electronic Speed Controller (ESC): Regulates motor speed, providing functions like reversing and dynamic braking.
- Flight Controller: Acts as the drone's brain, controlling navigation and operations with options including Autopilot APM, KK Board, and Pixhawk.
- Transmitter and Receiver: Operate at 2.4 GHz with a minimum range of 1000m, requiring at least six channels for functionality.
Drone Autopilot Features
- Provides GPS-based navigation and autonomous flying capabilities.
- UBlox 7M GPS: Preferred for drone tracking and navigation.
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