Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following activities is explicitly discouraged during lectures, based on the provided guidelines?
Which of the following activities is explicitly discouraged during lectures, based on the provided guidelines?
- Taking notes on a laptop
- Using a mobile phone for any purpose (correct)
- Engaging in group discussions related to the topic
- Asking clarifying questions to the lecturer
An electric circuit is best described as:
An electric circuit is best described as:
- An interconnected set of elements providing a closed path for current flow. (correct)
- An open path allowing for the free flow of electrons.
- A collection of electrical components that may or may not be connected.
- Any arrangement of wires and electronic components.
Which of the following components is classified as an active element in an electrical circuit?
Which of the following components is classified as an active element in an electrical circuit?
- Solar Cell (correct)
- Inductor
- Resistor
- Capacitor
What is the weighting of the mid-semester examination towards the final grade in the Telecommunications Engineering course?
What is the weighting of the mid-semester examination towards the final grade in the Telecommunications Engineering course?
According to the course outline, which topic is covered immediately after Network Theorems?
According to the course outline, which topic is covered immediately after Network Theorems?
Which type of activity is part of the course delivery method?
Which type of activity is part of the course delivery method?
If a student scores 65% on the end-of-semester examination, what is the contribution of this score to the final course grade?
If a student scores 65% on the end-of-semester examination, what is the contribution of this score to the final course grade?
Which of the following is NOT explicitly listed as an element of an electric circuit?
Which of the following is NOT explicitly listed as an element of an electric circuit?
Based on the figures provided, which statement accurately describes the arrangement of resistors R1 and R2 in Figure 1?
Based on the figures provided, which statement accurately describes the arrangement of resistors R1 and R2 in Figure 1?
In the context of the content, what is a key characteristic that defines resistors as being in parallel?
In the context of the content, what is a key characteristic that defines resistors as being in parallel?
According to the material, which of the following correctly calculates the total resistance ($R_T$) of N resistors connected in series?
According to the material, which of the following correctly calculates the total resistance ($R_T$) of N resistors connected in series?
Given three resistors with resistances of 1Ω each, connected in parallel, and then in series with another 1Ω resistor, followed by another two 1Ω resistors connected in parallel. What is the total equivalent resistance?
Given three resistors with resistances of 1Ω each, connected in parallel, and then in series with another 1Ω resistor, followed by another two 1Ω resistors connected in parallel. What is the total equivalent resistance?
Using the 'circling' method described, which criterion must be met for two resistors to be considered in parallel?
Using the 'circling' method described, which criterion must be met for two resistors to be considered in parallel?
In a parallel circuit with two resistors, $R_1$ and $R_2$, if the total current entering the parallel branch is I, which expression correctly describes the current $I_1$ flowing through resistor $R_1$?
In a parallel circuit with two resistors, $R_1$ and $R_2$, if the total current entering the parallel branch is I, which expression correctly describes the current $I_1$ flowing through resistor $R_1$?
Consider a circuit with three resistors: $R_1 = 10\Omega$, $R_2 = 20\Omega$, and $R_3 = 30\Omega$, all connected in series. What is the total resistance of the circuit?
Consider a circuit with three resistors: $R_1 = 10\Omega$, $R_2 = 20\Omega$, and $R_3 = 30\Omega$, all connected in series. What is the total resistance of the circuit?
Two resistors, $R_1 = 10Ω$ and $R_2 = 20Ω$, are connected in parallel. If the total current entering the parallel combination is 3A, what is the current flowing through $R_2$?
Two resistors, $R_1 = 10Ω$ and $R_2 = 20Ω$, are connected in parallel. If the total current entering the parallel combination is 3A, what is the current flowing through $R_2$?
In a parallel circuit with two resistors, $R_1$ and $R_2$, if $R_1$ is much larger than $R_2$, what can be generally said about the equivalent resistance ($R_{eq}$) of the parallel combination?
In a parallel circuit with two resistors, $R_1$ and $R_2$, if $R_1$ is much larger than $R_2$, what can be generally said about the equivalent resistance ($R_{eq}$) of the parallel combination?
Which of the following statements regarding the application of the current division rule is most accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding the application of the current division rule is most accurate?
A circuit contains a series combination of a 5$\Omega$ resistor and an unknown resistor, R. If the voltage source is 12V and the current flowing through the circuit is 2A, what is the value of the unknown resistor R?
A circuit contains a series combination of a 5$\Omega$ resistor and an unknown resistor, R. If the voltage source is 12V and the current flowing through the circuit is 2A, what is the value of the unknown resistor R?
Consider a scenario where three resistors, each with a resistance of 12$\Omega$, are connected in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance of this parallel combination.
Consider a scenario where three resistors, each with a resistance of 12$\Omega$, are connected in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance of this parallel combination.
In a circuit with two parallel resistors, if the current flowing through one resistor increases, while the total current entering the parallel combination remains constant, what happens to the current flowing through the other resistor?
In a circuit with two parallel resistors, if the current flowing through one resistor increases, while the total current entering the parallel combination remains constant, what happens to the current flowing through the other resistor?
Consider a parallel circuit with two resistors, $R_1$ and $R_2$. If $R_1$ is significantly larger than $R_2$, how will the current divide between them?
Consider a parallel circuit with two resistors, $R_1$ and $R_2$. If $R_1$ is significantly larger than $R_2$, how will the current divide between them?
What key principle underlies the current division rule in parallel circuits?
What key principle underlies the current division rule in parallel circuits?
Two resistors $R_1$ and $R_2$ are in parallel. If $R_1 = R_2 = R$, and a current I enters the parallel combination, what is the current through $R_1$?
Two resistors $R_1$ and $R_2$ are in parallel. If $R_1 = R_2 = R$, and a current I enters the parallel combination, what is the current through $R_1$?
Using Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL), determine the value of current 'i' in the circuit if the incoming currents are 5A and 3A, and the outgoing currents, excluding 'i', are 4A and 2A.
Using Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL), determine the value of current 'i' in the circuit if the incoming currents are 5A and 3A, and the outgoing currents, excluding 'i', are 4A and 2A.
In a closed-loop circuit, a voltage source $V_1$ is connected in series with resistors $R_1$ and $R_2$. If the voltage drop across $R_1$ is 5V and the voltage drop across $R_2$ is 3V, what is the value of $V_1$ according to Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)?
In a closed-loop circuit, a voltage source $V_1$ is connected in series with resistors $R_1$ and $R_2$. If the voltage drop across $R_1$ is 5V and the voltage drop across $R_2$ is 3V, what is the value of $V_1$ according to Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)?
Consider a circuit loop with a 12V voltage source and three resistors in series. If two of the resistors have voltage drops of 4V and 5V respectively, what is the voltage drop across the third resistor, according to Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)?
Consider a circuit loop with a 12V voltage source and three resistors in series. If two of the resistors have voltage drops of 4V and 5V respectively, what is the voltage drop across the third resistor, according to Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)?
In a circuit, a node has three branches. Two branches have currents entering the node with values of 2A and 3A. If the third branch has a current leaving the node, what is its value according to Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)?
In a circuit, a node has three branches. Two branches have currents entering the node with values of 2A and 3A. If the third branch has a current leaving the node, what is its value according to Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)?
A closed circuit loop contains a 9V battery and two resistors. If the current flowing through the loop is 1A and one resistor has a resistance of 4 ohms, what is the resistance of the other resistor?
A closed circuit loop contains a 9V battery and two resistors. If the current flowing through the loop is 1A and one resistor has a resistance of 4 ohms, what is the resistance of the other resistor?
In a series circuit with a voltage source $V$, two resistors $R_1$ and $R_2$ are connected. If the current through the circuit is 'I', which equation correctly represents Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) for this circuit?
In a series circuit with a voltage source $V$, two resistors $R_1$ and $R_2$ are connected. If the current through the circuit is 'I', which equation correctly represents Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) for this circuit?
A parallel circuit has two branches connected to a common node. If the current entering the node is 7A, and one branch has a current of 3A, what is the current in the other branch according to Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)?
A parallel circuit has two branches connected to a common node. If the current entering the node is 7A, and one branch has a current of 3A, what is the current in the other branch according to Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)?
Consider a circuit loop with two voltage sources, $V_1 = 6V$ and $V_2 = 3V$, oriented such that they oppose each other. If there is a single resistor $R$ in the loop with a current $I = 1A$ flowing through it, what is the resistance $R$ according to Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)?
Consider a circuit loop with two voltage sources, $V_1 = 6V$ and $V_2 = 3V$, oriented such that they oppose each other. If there is a single resistor $R$ in the loop with a current $I = 1A$ flowing through it, what is the resistance $R$ according to Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)?
Using the provided circuit and calculations, what is the value of $I_1$?
Using the provided circuit and calculations, what is the value of $I_1$?
Based on the circuit analysis, what is the value of $I_2$?
Based on the circuit analysis, what is the value of $I_2$?
What is the calculated Thevenin voltage ($V_{TH}$) for the circuit?
What is the calculated Thevenin voltage ($V_{TH}$) for the circuit?
What is the equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors with values of 5 Ω and 15 Ω?
What is the equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors with values of 5 Ω and 15 Ω?
What is the calculated Thevenin resistance ($R_{TH}$) for the circuit?
What is the calculated Thevenin resistance ($R_{TH}$) for the circuit?
If the 5Ω resistor was changed to a short circuit, how would this affect the calculation of $I_1$?
If the 5Ω resistor was changed to a short circuit, how would this affect the calculation of $I_1$?
If the 12Ω resistor was changed to an open circuit, how would this affect the calculation of $I_2$?
If the 12Ω resistor was changed to an open circuit, how would this affect the calculation of $I_2$?
Using the Superposition Theorem, what is the correct process for finding the current through a resistor in a circuit with multiple voltage sources?
Using the Superposition Theorem, what is the correct process for finding the current through a resistor in a circuit with multiple voltage sources?
In the Superposition Theorem example given, what is the significance of calculating $I_A$ and $I_B$?
In the Superposition Theorem example given, what is the significance of calculating $I_A$ and $I_B$?
Given the Superposition Theorem example, if the 42V source was doubled and the 35V source was removed, what would be the new current I in the $3\Omega$ resistor, assuming $I_A$ doubles as well?
Given the Superposition Theorem example, if the 42V source was doubled and the 35V source was removed, what would be the new current I in the $3\Omega$ resistor, assuming $I_A$ doubles as well?
The Reciprocity Theorem is applicable to which type of network?
The Reciprocity Theorem is applicable to which type of network?
In the context of the Reciprocity Theorem, what is meant by 'interchanging' an ideal ammeter and an ideal voltage source?
In the context of the Reciprocity Theorem, what is meant by 'interchanging' an ideal ammeter and an ideal voltage source?
According to the Reciprocity Theorem, what condition must be met for the theorem to hold true when interchanging an ideal ammeter and an ideal voltage source?
According to the Reciprocity Theorem, what condition must be met for the theorem to hold true when interchanging an ideal ammeter and an ideal voltage source?
Consider a circuit with a voltage source V(t), resistors R1, R2, and R3, and an ammeter A. If the voltage source is 10V and the ammeter reads 2A before the interchange, what should the ammeter read after the voltage source and ammeter are interchanged, assuming the Reciprocity Theorem holds?
Consider a circuit with a voltage source V(t), resistors R1, R2, and R3, and an ammeter A. If the voltage source is 10V and the ammeter reads 2A before the interchange, what should the ammeter read after the voltage source and ammeter are interchanged, assuming the Reciprocity Theorem holds?
What is a key assumption about the ammeter and voltage source for the Reciprocity Theorem to hold true?
What is a key assumption about the ammeter and voltage source for the Reciprocity Theorem to hold true?
Flashcards
What is a circuit?
What is a circuit?
An interconnection of elements forming a closed path allowing current flow.
Active elements
Active elements
Energy-producing components in a circuit.
Passive elements
Passive elements
Energy-consuming components in a circuit.
Examples of passive elements
Examples of passive elements
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Examples of active elements
Examples of active elements
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What are Network Theorems?
What are Network Theorems?
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What are AC Circuits?
What are AC Circuits?
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What are 3-Phase Circuits?
What are 3-Phase Circuits?
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Resistors in Series
Resistors in Series
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Non-Series Resistors
Non-Series Resistors
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Total Resistance (Series)
Total Resistance (Series)
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Resistors in Parallel
Resistors in Parallel
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Identifying Parallel Resistors
Identifying Parallel Resistors
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Voltage in Parallel Resistors
Voltage in Parallel Resistors
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Current in Series Resistors
Current in Series Resistors
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Equivalent Resistance of Series Resistors
Equivalent Resistance of Series Resistors
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Current Division Rule
Current Division Rule
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RT in Current Division
RT in Current Division
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I1 in Current Division
I1 in Current Division
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I2 in Current Division
I2 in Current Division
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Formula for I1
Formula for I1
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Formula for I2
Formula for I2
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Voltage, V
Voltage, V
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Negative Current
Negative Current
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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
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Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
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Loop (Closed Path)
Loop (Closed Path)
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Loop Analysis
Loop Analysis
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KVL Alternative Definition
KVL Alternative Definition
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Resistor
Resistor
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Voltage Drop
Voltage Drop
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Circuit Analysis
Circuit Analysis
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What is Thevenin Voltage (VTH)?
What is Thevenin Voltage (VTH)?
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What is Thevenin Resistance (RTH)?
What is Thevenin Resistance (RTH)?
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What is Thevenin's Theorem?
What is Thevenin's Theorem?
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What is KVL?
What is KVL?
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What is I1?
What is I1?
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What is I2?
What is I2?
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What are Series Resistors?
What are Series Resistors?
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What are Parallel Resistors?
What are Parallel Resistors?
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Superposition Theorem
Superposition Theorem
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Applying Superposition
Applying Superposition
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Acting Alone: 35V Battery
Acting Alone: 35V Battery
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Reciprocity Theorem
Reciprocity Theorem
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Ammeter and Voltage Source
Ammeter and Voltage Source
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Linear Network
Linear Network
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Deactivating Sources
Deactivating Sources
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Batteries Acting
Batteries Acting
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Study Notes
- Electrical Engineering 151: Applied Electricity is being instructed by Ing. Dr. Abdul-Rahman Ahmed in 2018
- Contact the course instructor at [email protected] or call 0508 - 351 - 438
- The course material link is https://www.rfmicrowaveknust.com
- The Teaching Assistants are Akambole Isaac Ageebase and Alberta Oduraa Quartey
- Akambole Isaac Ageebase can be reached at [email protected] or 0506257842
- Alberta Oduraa Quartey can be reached by calling 0547886101 or emailing [email protected]
- Appreciate basic principles of Electrical Circuits
- Tools are required to be able to analyze electric and magnetic circuits
- The goal is to develop knowledge and fundamental concepts associated with Electrical/Electronics Engineering
Course Outline Includes
- Circuits and Network Theorems
- Alternating current circuits
- Three-phase circuits
- Magnetic circuits
Course Calendar
- 3rd September - Network Theorems
- 10th September - Network Theorems
- 17th September - AC Circuits
- 24th September - AC Circuits
- 1st October - 3-Phase Circuits
- 8th October - 3-Phase Circuits
- 15th October - Magnetic Circuits
- 22nd October - Revision/Tutorial
- 29th October - Revision/Tutorial
- 5th November - Mid-Semester Exams
- 19th November - Magnetic Circuits
- 26th November - Revision/Tutorial
- 3rd December - End of Semester Exams (to be confirmed)
- Lectures will be given, along with Tutorials, Circuit Design, Simulations and Laboratory work
Classroom rules include
- No phone usage
- No eating
- No noise-making
- No lateness
- No gossiping
- No sleeping
- Course grade is based on Quizzes (30%) and Mid-semester examination (30%) for 60%
- End of semester examination makes up 70% of the final grade
Unit 1: Circuit and Network Theorems
- An interconnection of elements forming a closed path along which current can flow is a circuit
- Active elements produce energy ex. Batteries, Generators, solar cells etc.
- Passive elements use element's energy ex. Resistors, inductors, capacitors
- A point where currents split or come together is a node
- A connection where current flows is the path
- A connection between two nodes is a branch
- A closed path of a circuit loop/mesh
- A branch of theoretically zero resistance is a Short-circuit
- Short-circuits divert to itself all currents that would have flown in adjacent branches and are hooked to the same node as the short except for other branches with sources
- A branch of theoretically infinite resistance, preventing current flow is an open circuit
- Resistors are in series if the same current flows through them
- Total R for resistors R1, R2, R3, ...., R, which are in series: RT =R₁+R₂+R+....+R
- Resistors in parallel have the same voltage across them
- If two resistors are able to move from one to the other without passing through another element, i.e., the two can be circled, they are in parellel
Equation for for 2 resistors in parallel:
- 1/RT = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ so RT = (R₁R₂)/(R₁ + R₂)
- Effective circuit resistance is found by identifying series and parallel resistors and putting them together
Current Division Rule
- Applied to share current between parallel branches
- In summary of Current Division Rule: For R1 in parallel with R2: I1 = I(R2 /(R1 + R2)) I2 = I(R1 /(R1 + R2))
- Voltage Drop from I = to V-V1
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
- Sum of currents entering a node equals the sum of currents leaving the node
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
- The algebraic sum of the voltages in a loop (closed path) equals zero
- Alternatively, in a loop, the algebraic sum of voltage sources equals the algebraic sum of voltage drops
Thevenin's Theorem
- Any linear circuit connected between two terminals can be replaced by a Thevenin's voltage (VTH) in series with a Thevenin's resistance (RTH)
- VTH is the open-circuit voltage across the two terminals
- RTH is the resistance seen from the two terminals when all sources have been deactivated
- Deactivate voltage sources by short circuiting them
- Deactivate open circuit current sources
Steps in Thevenin's Equation
- Remove the resistor from the circuit and mark the two terminals.
- Find the open-circuit voltage (VTH) across the two terminals by applying KVL. Treat VTH as a source
- Recall the circuit created before step 2 and deactivate all sources. Short-circuit voltage sources
- Find the total resistance of the circuit resulting from step 3 as seen from1wo terminals
- Reproduce the Thevenin's equivalent circuit and connect the resistor whose current is to be found.
- Calculate the current in the circuit in step 5.
- The Norton Theorem
- Any linear circuit connected between two terminals can be replaced by a Norton's current (I) in parallel with a Norton's resistance (RN)
- RN is the resistance seen from the two terminals when all sources have been deactivated
- The current Norton theorem IN=(V-V1)/R
Steps in Norton's Theorem
- Remove the resistor from the circuit and mark the two terminals
- Find the short-circuit current (I) through the two terminals by applying KVL
- Recall the circuit created before step 2 and Deactivate all short-circuit voltage sources and open-circuit current sources
- Find the total resistance of the circuit resulting from step 3
- Reproduce the Norton's equivalent circuit and connect the resistor whose current is to be found
- Calculate the current in the circuit in step 5
Superposition Theorem
- The current or voltage across any element in a multiple-source linear circuit can be found by taking the algebraic sum of the current or voltage element due to each individual source while acting alone.
Reciprocity Theorem:
- An ideal ammeter and ideal voltage source can be interchanged in two different branches of a linear network, without changing the reading of the ammeter
Delta-star Transformation
A transformation is employed in situations where series nor parallel arrangements can be identified. Delta arrangement: - An arrangement of three (3) resistors where one terminal of a resistor is connected to another resistor and the terminal to a different resistor Star(Wye) arrangement: -An arrangement of three (3) resistors where all resistors have a common point of connection through one terminal of each resistor while the remaining terminals are unconnected
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