Electric vehicles

Study Notes

Public charging infrastructure:
- Fast charging stations can charge up to 80% in 30 minutes
- Level 2 (240V) charging stations can charge up to 25 miles in 1 hour
- Level 1 (120V) charging stations can charge up to 5 miles in 1 hour
Home charging infrastructure:
- Level 2 (240V) charging stations can be installed at home
- Level 1 (120V) charging stations come standard with most electric vehicles
Charging connectors:
- Type 1 (SAE J1772) is the most common connector in North America
- Type 2 (Mennekes) is the most common connector in Europe
- DC Fast Charging uses a separate connector (CCS or CHAdeMO)

Federal incentives:
- Up to $7,500 tax credit in the United States for purchasing an electric vehicle
- Phase-out of tax credits as manufacturers reach 200,000 electric vehicle sales
State incentives:
- Rebates, tax credits, or exemptions from sales tax in some states
- Access to HOV lanes, even for single-occupant vehicles, in some states
International incentives:
- Norway offers exemptions from value-added tax and other incentives
- China offers subsidies and exemptions from traffic restrictions

Lithium-ion batteries:
- Most common type of battery used in electric vehicles
- High energy density and long cycle life
Battery management systems:
- Monitor and control battery temperature, voltage, and charge/discharge rates
- Prevent overcharging, undercharging, and overheating
Advances in battery technology:
- Solid-state batteries promise increased energy density and safety
- Lithium-air batteries promise even greater energy density and range
- Research into new battery chemistries, such as sodium-ion and zinc-air

Fast charging stations can charge an electric vehicle up to 80% in just 30 minutes.
Level 2 (240V) charging stations can add up to 25 miles of range in 1 hour.
Level 1 (120V) charging stations can add up to 5 miles of range in 1 hour.
Home charging infrastructure includes installation of Level 2 (240V) charging stations.
Level 1 (120V) charging stations come standard with most electric vehicles.
Type 1 (SAE J1772) is the most common charging connector in North America.
Type 2 (Mennekes) is the most common charging connector in Europe.
DC Fast Charging uses a separate connector, either CCS or CHAdeMO.

The US federal government offers up to $7,500 tax credit for purchasing an electric vehicle.
The tax credit phases out as manufacturers reach 200,000 electric vehicle sales.
Some states offer rebates, tax credits, or exemptions from sales tax for electric vehicles.
Some states allow single-occupant electric vehicles to access HOV lanes.
Norway offers exemptions from value-added tax and other incentives for electric vehicles.
China offers subsidies and exemptions from traffic restrictions for electric vehicles.

Lithium-ion batteries are the most common type used in electric vehicles.
Lithium-ion batteries have high energy density and long cycle life.
Battery management systems monitor and control battery temperature, voltage, and charge/discharge rates.
Battery management systems prevent overcharging, undercharging, and overheating.
Solid-state batteries promise increased energy density and safety.
Lithium-air batteries promise even greater energy density and range.
Research is ongoing into new battery chemistries, such as sodium-ion and zinc-air.