Electric Rolling Stock Classification
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Questions and Answers

What does the first letter in the classification code for electric locomotives indicate?

  • Power supply
  • Class of vehicle
  • Type of service
  • Gauge (correct)

Which letter denotes Mixed Traffic locomotives in the classification system?

  • P
  • G
  • S
  • M (correct)

What is the designation for AC EMUs in the classification system?

  • WCAM
  • WAU (correct)
  • WAP
  • WAM

Which pantograph design is adopted by Indian Railways for 25 kV AC electric locomotives?

<p>AM12 pantograph (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification is used for locomotives that provide both ac and dc power supply?

<p>WCAM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is primarily used to raise and lower the pantograph on Indian Railways' electric locomotives?

<p>Pneumatically operated servo motor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'A' in the second letter of the classification code signify?

<p>System of power supply for AC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the indigenously manufactured air compressor?

<p>To supply compressed air to the associated equipment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of insulation scheme was initially used in earlier motors?

<p>Class 'B' insulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design changes were adopted to improve the reliability of the 3 phase induction motor?

<p>Utilizing double glass cover conductor winding wire (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum speed of the WAM-4 electric locomotive?

<p>120 KM/H (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motor is used to drive the air compressor?

<p>High torque 3 phase induction motor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum operational speed of the conventional pantograph mentioned?

<p>140 km/h (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material has been adopted for current collection in European countries?

<p>Carbon strips (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What design changes are necessary for pantographs using carbon strips?

<p>More flexible pan head (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of the main contact for air blast circuit breakers?

<p>20,000 operations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which circuit breaker introduced in 1985 has a simplified design?

<p>Vacuum Circuit Breaker (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many parts does an Air Blast Circuit Breaker have?

<p>735 parts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total trip-time for Vacuum Circuit Breakers?

<p>60 milli-seconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of Vacuum Circuit Breakers compared to Air Blast Circuit Breakers?

<p>Longer lifespan of main contacts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following advantages does Vacuum Circuit Breakers NOT offer compared to Air Blast Circuit Breakers?

<p>Increased number of parts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the breaking capacity of the air blast circuit breaker?

<p>250 MVA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional capability does the VCB have that the air blast circuit breaker does not?

<p>Making capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the regulating winding in traction transformers?

<p>To select appropriate voltage for the traction motors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the original capacity of the transformer used in WAGI locomotives?

<p>3000 kVA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change has occurred in the design of traction transformers with the introduction of thyristorised converters?

<p>Deletion of the regulating winding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of a traction transformer's cooling system?

<p>Regulating winding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What voltage is provided to the traction vehicles from the contact wire?

<p>25 kV ac (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What capacity has the traction transformer been increased to for the WAG-7 locomotives?

<p>5400 kVA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tap changer has been used on most of the 25 kV ac electric locomotives?

<p>Type No. 32 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What materials have been adopted in the manufacturing of upgraded traction transformers to minimize losses?

<p>Aluminium foil and improved insulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the new classification of insulating material focus on?

<p>Combination and system as a whole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to IEC 505, what does the functional evaluation of insulation systems assess?

<p>Typical service life and environmental influences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Arno Convertor?

<p>To supply three-phase power for auxiliary equipment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of construction does the newly developed Arno Convertor feature?

<p>Vertical construction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been improved in the indigenously manufactured Arno Convertor compared to the ACEC make?

<p>The insulation scheme and bearing performance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue is associated with Arno Convertor that Indian Railways aims to address?

<p>Inherent voltage unbalance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company initially provided the motor compressor set for the locomotives before other suppliers?

<p>M/s.Kirloskar Pneumatic Co. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change has been made to the Arno Convertors over time?

<p>Transition from horizontal to vertical construction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is being developed by CLW concerning motor compressor sets?

<p>More sources for compressor supply (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of locomotives currently utilize static convertors?

<p>WAG6A locomotives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Arno Convertor in electric locomotives?

<p>To convert single-phase supply into three-phase supply (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the construction of the indigenously developed Arno Convertor differ from the ACEC make?

<p>It has eliminated the battery charger generator mounting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the letter 'G' indicate in the classification code for electric locomotives?

<p>Locomotives suitable for freight (goods) service (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change made to the Arno Convertor to improve its performance and reliability?

<p>Implementation of class 'F' insulation scheme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the design of the AM12 pantograph used by Indian Railways?

<p>A single pan design with two o-springs for effective current collection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the evaluation of insulation systems as per IEC 505?

<p>It assesses the service life under functional tests and various stresses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main development concerning motor compressor sets currently being pursued by CLW?

<p>To expand the sources for compressor supply (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what type of electric locomotives is the code WCAM1 designated?

<p>Dual power supply locomotives (ac and dc) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature does the pantograph employed for 25 kV ac electric locomotives possess?

<p>A pneumatically operated servo motor for raising and lowering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which letter in the classification code indicates a multiple unit stock?

<p>U (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the steel strips on pantographs used in electric locomotives?

<p>To improve the electrical conductivity during current collection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the letter 'Y' signify in the classification codes for electric locomotives?

<p>Meter Gauge locomotives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of thyristor converters in electric locomotives?

<p>Reduction in maintenance requirements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reliability issue associated with on-load tap changers in electric locomotives?

<p>Flashover inside the selector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been the impact of advancements in insulating materials on traction motors?

<p>Enhanced power-to-weight ratios (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operational aspect is significantly improved by using thyristors over traditional tap changers?

<p>Improved adhesion during speed control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to the significant reduction in weight of traction motors in EMU applications?

<p>Adoption of advanced technologies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily affects the maintenance requirements of current on-load tap changers?

<p>Inherent design and construction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the thyristor converters currently being implemented?

<p>Smooth voltage control for traction motors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major change occurred in the classification of insulating materials used in traction motors?

<p>Shift to generic classifications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What operational aspect of traction motors has benefitted from the latest technological advancements?

<p>Better design resulting in reliability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component's reliability issues specifically contribute to maintenance challenges in tap changers?

<p>Servo Motor and its sub-assemblies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of construction is utilized for the traction transformer after the introduction of thyristorised converters?

<p>Two limb construction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is integral to the forced cooling system of a traction transformer?

<p>Oil cooler (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum capacity of the traction transformer used for WAG-7 locomotives?

<p>5400 kVA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which winding is designed specifically to choose appropriate voltage for traction motors?

<p>Regulating winding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change has led to an increase in horsepower for locomotives while maintaining overall dimensions?

<p>Increased copper section in conductors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes the VCB from the air blast circuit breaker?

<p>Additional making capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What materials have been introduced in upgraded traction transformers to reduce losses?

<p>Aluminium foil and improved insulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the auxiliary winding in traction transformers?

<p>Feed auxiliary motors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tap changer is predominantly used in the 25 kV AC electric locomotives?

<p>Type No. 32 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been eliminated in the design of traction transformers following the use of thyristorized converters?

<p>Regulating winding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate maximum speed potential of pantographs designed for carbon strips?

<p>250 km/h (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of the Air Blast Circuit Breaker in electric locomotives?

<p>Higher number of parts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant design change is required for pantographs that use carbon strips?

<p>More flexible pan head (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrical operations can Vacuum Circuit Breakers typically achieve before requiring replacement of the main contact?

<p>100,000 operations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial factor contributing to the maintenance requirements of the Air Blast Circuit Breaker?

<p>Large number of complex parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of circuit breaker was first used in electric locomotives since the inception of the 25 kV AC traction system?

<p>Air Blast Circuit Breaker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trip-time for Vacuum Circuit Breakers as compared to Air Blast Circuit Breakers?

<p>Less than 60 milliseconds for VCB (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the Vacuum Circuit Breaker contributes to its reduced maintenance cost?

<p>Fewer parts used (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a trend in the development of pantographs and circuit breakers over the years?

<p>Increased operational lifespan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Electric Rolling Stock Classification

Electric locomotives and multiple units are categorized using a three/four letter code followed by a number, representing the class.

Gauge Code (Electric Rolling Stock)

The first letter of the code indicates the track gauge: 'W' for broad gauge (BG) and 'Y' for meter gauge (MG).

Power Supply Code (Electric Rolling Stock)

The second letter indicates the power supply type: 'A' for AC and 'C' for DC, and 'CA' for both AC or DC

Service Class Code (Locomotives)

The third letter for locomotives specifies the service type: 'M' for mixed, 'G' for freight, 'P' for passenger, and 'S' for shunting.

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Multiple Unit Stock Code

Multiple unit stock (EMUs) is represented by the letter 'U' in the code.

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Pantograph

A device mounted on the roof of traction vehicles used to collect power from overhead contact wires.

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Pantograph Operation

The pantograph's raising and lowering are controlled by a pneumatic servo motor.

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Pantograph Speed Increase

Higher speed pantographs use lower mass and independent heads, and sometimes carbon strips, for better contact wire life and higher speeds.

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Carbon Strips in Pantographs

Carbon strips are used on pantographs instead of steel strips to improve current collection and contact wire life.

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Pantograph Flexibility

Carbon strip pantographs require more flexible pan heads in vertical, horizontal, and transverse directions due to the changing of the contact material.

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Air Blast Circuit Breaker

An older type of circuit breaker that isolates power to traction vehicles in case of fault, and is used for about 30 years, but has much maintenance.

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Vacuum Circuit Breaker

A newer type of circuit breaker that has a simplified design, fewer parts, and a self-contained vacuum interrupting medium, leading to higher reliability.

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VCB Circuit Breaker Life

Vacuum circuit breakers have a much longer life, potentially over 100,000 operations, compared to about 20,000 for an air blast breaker.

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Circuit Breaker Maintenance

Vacuum circuit breakers require less maintenance due to simplified design and vacuum medium, leading to reduced maintenance costs and more infrequent replacement of main contacts.

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Trip Time (Circuit Breaker)

Vacuum circuit breakers have a quicker trip time (less than 60 milliseconds) than air blast circuit breakers (around 100 milliseconds).

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25 kV AC Traction System

A type of electrical system used for traction that operates at 25 kilovolts alternating current.

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Air Compressor Type

A vertical cylinder air-cooled compressor driven by an electric motor.

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Compressor Drive Options

Air compressors can be driven by direct current or 3-phase induction motors, using either a direct connection or flexible coupling.

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Motor Insulation Class

High-torque 3-phase induction motors are designed for direct-on-line starting and were previously manufactured with Class 'B' insulation.

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"F" Insulation

An improved insulation scheme ('F' insulation) was used to enhance reliability for induction motors.

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Duty Cycle

The compressor is normally operated on a 50% duty cycle (i.e., 50% of the time).

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Insulating Material System

A combination of insulating materials evaluated as a whole, rather than individually, considering thermal endurance in systems.

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Functional Evaluation Procedure

Procedure to evaluate insulation system's expected service life under various stresses (thermal, electrical, mechanical, and environmental) based on IEC 505 standard.

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Arno Convertor

Special machine for converting single-phase incoming power to three-phase output, crucial for auxiliary equipment on electric locomotives.

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ACEC Arno Convertor

Imported horizontally constructed Arno Convertor used in WAM/WAG locomotives.

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Indigenous Arno Convertor

Vertically constructed Arno Convertor, developed in-country, designed for locomotive vibration

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Motor Compressor Set

A set of motor and compressor used for various functions, initially used by CLW; now manufactured by Elgi Equipment Ltd.

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Voltage Unbalance

An inherent characteristic of an Arno Convertor, prompting development of static converters for electric locomotives.

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Static Converters

Alternative power conversion devices, already used in some WAG 6A locomotives.

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Class 'F' Insulation

An improved insulation scheme used in indigenous Arno Convertors, enhancing reliability.

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Integral Epoxy Moulded Terminal Box

An important part of indigenous Arno Convertor with better reliability and performance.

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Air blast circuit breaker capacity

Air blast circuit breakers can only break fault currents with a 250 MVA capacity.

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VCB making capacity

Vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) have the same making capacity (250 MVA) as their breaking capacity, handling fault currents equally well during closing.

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Transformer primary winding

The input winding of a traction transformer, receiving power at 25 kV.

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Regulating winding purpose

Adjusts the voltage fed to traction motors.

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Auxiliary winding function

Powers the auxiliary motors on a locomotive.

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Transformer uprating strategy

Increasing transformer power while keeping dimensions constant, often using more copper, better insulation, or techniques like aluminum foil winding.

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Thyristorised convertor impact on transformer design

Simplified transformer design by removing the regulating winding when thyristor converters are used. Transformer secondary windings may be split.

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Forced cooling in transformers

Essential for traction transformers to efficiently dissipate heat, utilizing an oil pump, oil cooler, and blower.

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On-load tap changer type used

Type No. 32 from Brown-Boveri is common on 25 kV AC electric locomotives.

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Traction transformer capacity increase

WAG locomotives' traction transformer capacity increased over time (3000 kVA to 5400 kVA).

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Electric Rolling Stock Classification

Locomotives and multiple units are categorized using a three or four-letter code plus a number, signifying the specific model.

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Gauge Code (Electric Rolling Stock)

The first letter of the code indicates the track width: 'W' for broad gauge (BG), and 'Y' for meter gauge (MG).

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Power Supply Code (Electric Rolling Stock)

The second letter indicates the power source: 'A' for alternating current (AC), 'C' for direct current (DC), and 'CA' for both AC and DC.

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Service Class Code (Locomotives)

The third letter for locomotives designates the service: 'M' for mixed, 'G' for freight, 'P' for passenger, and 'S' for shunting.

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Pantograph

A device on a train's roof that collects electricity from overhead lines.

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Pantograph Operation

The pantograph's raising and lowering is controlled by a pneumatic servo motor.

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25 kV AC Traction System

A system that uses 25,000 volts of alternating current for train power.

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Pantograph Speed Improvement

Increasing pantograph speed potential involves using pantographs with lower dynamic mass, independent pan heads, and potentially carbon strips to enhance contact wire lifespan.

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Carbon Strip Pantograph

A pantograph using carbon strips for current collection instead of steel strips, requiring greater flexibility in the pan head's vertical, horizontal, and transverse movement.

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Air Blast Circuit Breaker

An older circuit breaker model for electric locomotives that, while reliable for a time, needs significant maintenance due to complex design and a limited lifespan of its main contact.

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Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)

Modern circuit breakers with simplified designs, vacuum-based interruption, and significantly longer main contact life compared to air blast breakers.

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VCB Lifespan

Vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) contact life is considerable,potentially up to 100000 operations, much higher than the 20000 operations of an air blast circuit breaker (ABB).

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VCB Maintenance Cost

VCBs have lower maintenance costs due to simpler design than air blast circuit breakers, and less frequent maintenance needs.

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Trip Time (Circuit Breaker)

Vacuum Circuit Breakers (VCBs) have faster trip times (less than 60 milliseconds) compared to air blast circuit breakers (around 100 milliseconds)

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Pantograph Contact Material

The use of carbon strips over steel strips on pantographs is chosen to enhance current collection and contact wire longevity.

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Pantograph Flexibility

Carbon strip pantographs must have more flexible panheads to adapt effectively to overhead contact wires.

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Air blast circuit breaker capacity

Air blast circuit breakers are limited to breaking fault currents with a capacity of 250 MVA.

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VCB making capacity

Vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) can handle the same fault current during both breaking and making, thanks to their 250MVA rating.

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Transformer primary winding

The winding of a traction transformer that receives the 25 kV AC power from the contact wire.

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Regulating winding function

Used to adjust the voltage supplied to the traction motors.

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Auxiliary winding purpose

This winding provides power to the auxiliary motors on the locomotive.

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Transformer uprating strategy

Increasing a transformer's power while maintaining the same size using techniques like larger conductors, better insulation, and aluminum foil windings.

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Thyristor converter effect on transformer design

The use of thyristor converters often simplifies the transformer design by removing the regulating winding.

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Forced cooling in transformers

Essential for traction transformers to remove generated heat, using oil pumps, coolers, and blowers.

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On-load tap changer type

Type No. 32 from Brown-Boveri is a common on-load tap changer used in 25 kV AC electric locomotives.

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Traction transformer capacity increase

WAG series locomotives' traction transformers have seen capacity increases over time, from 3000 kVA to 5400 kVA.

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On-load tap changer

A device that adjusts the voltage supplied to a transformer while the system is in operation, often used in locomotives.

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Thyristor converters

Devices that change AC power to DC power, used for speed control and reduced maintenance in locomotives.

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Traction motor

The motor that drives a locomotive or multiple unit trains and has continuously improved components to be lighter and more reliable.

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Power to weight ratio

A measure of the power output a motor provides relative to its mass.

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Insulating materials

Materials used in traction motors to insulate components from each other and from the surrounding environment.

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Maintenance reduction

Decreasing the required maintenance performed on equipment.

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Thyristorization of WAG1

The process of replacing old components with thyristor converters to increase efficiency and stability of WAG1 locomotives

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Tap Changer Problems

Maintenance issues with the existing tap changer design, involving issues like electrical arcs and component breakdowns.

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2.5 times lighter traction motors

A significant improvement in the weight of traction motors, particularly for use in EMUs.

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Improved traction motor performance

Enhancements in traction motor design leading to increased reliability, power, and compactness.

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Insulation System Classification

Classifying insulating materials by considering the entire system, not just individual components, due to system endurance not correlating directly with individual material properties

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Arno Convertor Function

A specialized machine converting single-phase to three-phase power, providing the three-phase power needed for train auxiliary equipment like blowers and compressors

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Indigenous Arno Convertor Design

A vertically designed Arno Convertor, built in-country, robustly constructed for the vibrations of locomotives, with changes like improved insulation and moulded terminal box

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Motor Compressor Set

A combination of motor and compressor; initially made by Kirloskar, then developed and manufactured by Elgi Equipment Ltd., currently used by CLW electric locomotives

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Static Converter Alternative

An alternative to Arno Convertors due to voltage imbalance, already implemented in some imported WAG6A electric locomotives

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Study Notes

Electric Rolling Stock Classification

  • Locomotives and multiple-unit stocks are classified using a three/four-letter code followed by a number, indicating the individual class and a series.
  • Code letters for AC locos and EMUs use 'W' for broad gauge (BG) and 'Y' for metre gauge (MG).
  • The second letter indicates the power supply type: 'A' for AC, 'C' for DC, or 'CA' for both.
  • The third letter signifies the service class: 'M' (mixed traffic), 'G' (freight), 'P' (passenger), or 'S' (shunting).
  • Multiple-unit stocks are denoted by the letter 'U'.

AC Locomotives and EMUs

  • Current AC loco and EMU classes include WAG1-7, WAP1-3, WAM1-4, YAM1, WAU1-4, and YAU.
  • Some are AC/DC. e.g., WCAM1.

Salient Particulars

  • Salient particulars for each AC/DC electric locomotive type are in Table 3.01 and 3.02.
  • Colored photographs of each type with features are included as a pull-out.
  • Salient particulars for each AC EMU type are in Table 3.03.
  • Colored photographs of each AC EMU type with features are included as a pull-out.

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Related Documents

Indian Railways AC Traction Manual PDF

Description

This quiz covers the classification of electric locomotives and multiple-unit stocks. It includes the coding system used to identify different types of rolling stock based on gauge, power supply, and service class. Test your knowledge on current AC loco and EMU classes and their salient particulars.

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