Electric Charge and Field

Electric Charge

• Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter
• There are two types of electric charges:
  • Positive charge (proton)
  • Negative charge (electron)
• Like charges repel each other, opposite charges attract each other

Electric Field

• Electric field is a vector field that surrounds charged particles
• Electric field lines:
  • Radiate outward from positive charges
  • Radiate inward to negative charges
• Electric field strength (E) is measured in Newtons per Coulomb (N/C)

Electric Potential

• Electric potential, or voltage, is the potential energy per unit charge
• Measured in Volts (V)
• Electric potential difference (ΔV) is the change in electric potential between two points

Electric Current

• Electric current (I) is the flow of electric charge
• Measured in Amperes (A)
• Electric current is the flow of electrons from negative to positive terminal

Resistance

• Resistance (R) is the opposition to electric current
• Measured in Ohms (Ω)
• Resistance depends on:
  • Material properties
  • Temperature
  • Length and cross-sectional area of the conductor

Magnetic Fields

• Magnetic fields are created by electric currents or changing electric fields
• Magnetic field lines:
  • Radiate outward from north pole
  • Radiate inward to south pole
• Magnetic field strength (B) is measured in Teslas (T)

Electromagnetic Induction

• Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electric current in a conductor
• Caused by a changing magnetic field
• Faraday's law of induction: ε = -N(ΔΦ/Δt)

Lorentz Force

• The Lorentz force is the force experienced by a charged particle in a magnetic field
• F = q(E + v x B)
• Where F is the force, q is the charge, E is the electric field, v is the velocity, and B is the magnetic field

Electric Charge

• Matter has a fundamental property called electric charge
• There are two types of electric charges: positive (proton) and negative (electron)
• Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract each other

Electric Field

• Charged particles are surrounded by a vector field called electric field
• Electric field lines:
  • Emerge outward from positive charges
  • Converge inward to negative charges
• Electric field strength is measured in Newtons per Coulomb (N/C)

Electric Potential

• Electric potential, or voltage, is the potential energy per unit charge
• Measured in Volts (V)
• Electric potential difference is the change in electric potential between two points

Electric Current

• Electric current is the flow of electric charge
• Measured in Amperes (A)
• Electric current flows from negative to positive terminal due to the flow of electrons

Resistance

• Resistance opposes electric current
• Measured in Ohms (Ω)
• Factors affecting resistance:
  • Material properties
  • Temperature
  • Length and cross-sectional area of the conductor

Magnetic Fields

• Magnetic fields are created by electric currents or changing electric fields
• Magnetic field lines:
  • Emerge outward from the north pole
  • Converge inward to the south pole
• Magnetic field strength is measured in Teslas (T)

Electromagnetic Induction

• Electromagnetic induction produces an electric current in a conductor
• Caused by a changing magnetic field
• Faraday's law of induction: ε = -N(ΔΦ/Δt)

Lorentz Force

• The Lorentz force is the force experienced by a charged particle in a magnetic field
• Formula: F = q(E + v x B)
• Where:
  • F is the force
  • q is the charge
  • E is the electric field
  • v is the velocity
  • B is the magnetic field