Electric Charge and Electric Field

Electromagnetism

Electric Charge

• Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter, characterized by two types: positive and negative.
• Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract each other.
• Electric charge is quantized, meaning it comes in discrete packets (quanta) rather than being continuous.

Electric Field

• Electric field is a vector field that surrounds charged particles, representing the force per unit charge at a given point in space.
• Electric field is measured in units of N/C (newtons per coulomb).
• Electric field lines emerge from positive charges and enter negative charges.

Electric Potential

• Electric potential, also known as voltage, is the potential energy per unit charge at a given point in space.
• Electric potential is measured in units of V (volts).
• Electric potential is a scalar quantity, and its negative gradient gives the electric field.

Electromagnetic Induction

• Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field induces an electric field.
• Faraday's law of induction states that the induced electromotive force (EMF) is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.

Magnetic Fields

• Magnetic fields are created by the motion of charged particles or by changing electric fields.
• Magnetic fields are measured in units of T (tesla).
• Magnetic field lines emerge from the north pole and enter the south pole.

Electromagnetic Waves

• Electromagnetic waves are waves that propagate through the electromagnetic field, consisting of electric and magnetic field components.
• Electromagnetic waves can transmit energy through space without the need for a medium.
• Electromagnetic waves have a wide range of frequencies, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.

Lorentz Force

• The Lorentz force is the force experienced by a charged particle moving through a magnetic field.
• The Lorentz force is given by the equation F = q(E + v x B), where q is the charge, E is the electric field, v is the velocity, and B is the magnetic field.

Electric Charge

• Two types of electric charges exist: positive and negative, which interact via repulsion and attraction respectively.
• Electric charge is quantized, meaning it comes in discrete packets rather than being continuous.

Electric Field

• An electric field is a vector field surrounding charged particles, representing the force per unit charge at a given point in space.
• Electric field is measured in units of N/C (newtons per coulomb).
• Electric field lines emerge from positive charges and enter negative charges.

Electric Potential

• Electric potential, also known as voltage, is the potential energy per unit charge at a given point in space.
• Electric potential is measured in units of V (volts).
• Electric potential is a scalar quantity, with its negative gradient giving the electric field.

Electromagnetic Induction

• Electromagnetic induction occurs when a changing magnetic field induces an electric field.
• Faraday's law of induction states that the induced electromotive force (EMF) is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.

Magnetic Fields

• Magnetic fields are created by the motion of charged particles or by changing electric fields.
• Magnetic fields are measured in units of T (tesla).
• Magnetic field lines emerge from the north pole and enter the south pole.

Electromagnetic Waves

• Electromagnetic waves are waves that propagate through the electromagnetic field, consisting of electric and magnetic field components.
• Electromagnetic waves can transmit energy through space without the need for a medium.
• The frequency range of electromagnetic waves includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.

Lorentz Force

• The Lorentz force is the force experienced by a charged particle moving through a magnetic field.
• The Lorentz force equation is F = q(E + v x B), where q is the charge, E is the electric field, v is the velocity, and B is the magnetic field.