Arm & Axilla - Upper limb الجزء الرابع - MSS  أناتومي الـ

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Questions and Answers

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

  • Synovial hinge (correct)
  • Saddle
  • Ball and socket
  • Pivot

Which part of the humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna?

  • Capitulum
  • Radial fossa
  • Trochlea (correct)
  • Coronoid fossa

Which ligament is attached to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?

  • Radial collateral (correct)
  • Annular
  • Ulnar collateral
  • Interosseous

What action does the brachialis muscle primarily perform?

<p>Flexion of the elbow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for elbow extension?

<p>Triceps brachii (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which border of the scapula forms the posterior boundary of the axillary apex?

<p>Superior border (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nerve supply for the Coraco-brachialis muscle?

<p>Musculocutaneous nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is located in the anterior wall of the axilla?

<p>Pectoralis major (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure admits the head of the radius at the elbow joint?

<p>Radial notch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is considered a prime flexor of the elbow?

<p>Brachialis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inserts on the middle of medial border of humerus?

<p>Coraco-brachialis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle assists with shoulder joint support?

<p>Long head of triceps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms the medial boundary of the axilla?

<p>Serratus anterior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these muscles is involved in flexing the elbow when the forearm is in midprone position?

<p>Brachioradialis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nerve innervates the triceps brachii muscle?

<p>Radial nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The coronoid process of ulna is admitted by which part of humerus?

<p>Coronoid fossa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is contained within the axilla?

<p>Axillary fat, blood vessels, and lymph nodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle supinates the forearm?

<p>Biceps brachii (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the origin of the lateral head of the triceps brachii?

<p>Back of humerus above spiral groove (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle(s) inserts onto the radial tuberosity?

<p>Biceps brachii (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural component of the humerus directly articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna to facilitate elbow joint movement?

<p>Trochlea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a complex injury involving the elbow, a surgeon needs to reattach a stabilizing ligament to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Which ligament is the target for this reattachment?

<p>Radial collateral ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the functional role of the coronoid fossa of the humerus?

<p>It admits the coronoid process of the ulna during full elbow flexion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the muscular actions at the elbow joint, which muscle is specifically responsible for flexing the elbow when the forearm is in a pronated position?

<p>Brachialis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle primarily facilitates supination of the forearm?

<p>Biceps brachii (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional implication of the radial notch admitting the head of the radius at the elbow joint?

<p>It allows for pronation and supination of the forearm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient presents with damage to the musculocutaneous nerve, resulting in impaired flexion and supination, which muscle would be LEAST affected?

<p>Triceps brachii (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specific aspect of the humerus serves as the insertion point for the deltoid muscle?

<p>Deltoid tuberosity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The surgical resident is asked to identify the boundaries of the axilla. Which of the following correctly lists the structures forming the axilla's anterior wall?

<p>Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists the structures that define the boundaries of the 'cervico-axillary canal' (apex of axilla)?

<p>Anterior: back of clavicle, Posterior: superior border of scapula, Medial: outer border of 1st rib (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient has weakness in arm flexion and supination. Imaging reveals a lesion affecting the musculocutaneous nerve. Which of the following muscles would be MOST affected by this condition?

<p>Brachialis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately differentiates between the origins of the long and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle?

<p>The long head originates from the infraglenoid tubercle, while the lateral head originates from the humerus above the spiral groove. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A clinician is assessing a patient with a suspected axillary nerve injury. Which of the following findings would MOST likely support this diagnosis?

<p>Inability to abduct the arm beyond 15 degrees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient reports difficulty in pronating the forearm. Which of the following muscles is MOST likely affected?

<p>Pronator teres (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a physical examination, a doctor notes that a patient has full range of motion at the elbow but experiences pain during resisted supination. Which muscle is MOST likely the source of the pain?

<p>Biceps brachii (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A deep laceration on the anterior aspect of the arm severs a nerve, leading to the loss of both elbow flexion and supination. Based on this presentation, which nerve is MOST likely injured?

<p>Musculocutaneous nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles inserts onto the ulnar tuberosity?

<p>Brachialis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with an injury affecting the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Which ligament would be MOST likely affected?

<p>Ulnar collateral ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the elbow joint is fully extended, which anatomical structure of the ulna is received by the olecranon fossa of the humerus?

<p>Olecranon process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The coracobrachialis muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and performs what action?

<p>Adduction and Flexion of the arm at the shoulder joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Elbow Joint

A synovial hinge joint that connects the arm and forearm.

Humero-ulnar joint

The articulation between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna.

Humero-radial Joint

The point where the capitulum of the humerus meets the upper surface of the head of the radius.

Radial Collateral Ligament

Attached to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, providing stability to the elbow joint.

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Ulnar Collateral Ligament

Attached to the medial epicondyle of the humerus, providing stability to the elbow joint.

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Elbow Flexion

Bending the elbow, decreasing the angle between the arm and forearm.

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Elbow Extension

Straightening the elbow, increasing the angle between the arm and forearm.

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Coraco-brachialis

A muscle that originates from the tip of coracoid process and inserts on middle of medial border of humerus.

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Brachialis

A muscle that originates from the front of lower 1/2 of humerus and inserts on ulnar tuberosity.

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Biceps Brachii

A muscle that originates from the supraglenoid tubercle (long head) and tip of coracoid process (short head).

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Triceps Brachii

A muscle with long, lateral, and medial heads. Prime extensor of elbow.

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Axilla Definition

Pyramidal space between the arm and upper part of the thorax.

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Anterior wall of axilla

Includes pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and clavipectoral fascia.

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Posterior wall of axilla

Includes subscapularis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi.

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Lateral wall of axilla

Includes the bicipital groove, coracobrachialis, and short head of biceps.

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Medial wall of axilla

Formed by the serratus anterior muscle.

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Apex of axilla

Back of clavicle anteriorly, superior border of scapula posteriorly, outer rib of 1st rib medially.

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Content of axilla

Axillary fat, vessels, lymph nodes, brachial plexus cords/branches, tail of breast.

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Radial Fossa

A depression on the humerus that accommodates the radial head when the elbow is flexed.

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Coronoid Fossa

A depression on the anterior humerus that receives the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion.

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Olecranon Fossa

A large depression on the posterior humerus that accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna during extension.

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Trochlea

Distal portion of the humerus that articulates with the ulna.

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Capitulum

The rounded, lateral portion of the distal humerus that articulates with the head of the radius.

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Study Notes

  • Elbow joint: a synovial hinge joint

Humero-ulnar Articulation

  • Trochlea of humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of ulna
  • Coronoid fossa of humerus articulates with the coronoid process of ulna
  • Olecranon fossa of humerus articulates with the olecranon process of ulna

Humero-radial Articulation

  • Capitulum of humerus articulates with the upper surface of the head of radius
  • Radial notch articulates with head of radius

Ligaments

  • Radial collateral ligament attaches to the lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • Ulnar collateral ligament attaches to the medial epicondyle of humerus

Movement

Flexion Muscles

  • Brachialis is the prime flexor
  • Biceps contribute to flexion during supination
  • Pronator teres contributes to flexion during pronation
  • Brachio-radialis contributes to flexion in midprone position
  • Superficial group of the front of the forearm contributes to flexion

Extension Muscles

  • Triceps are involved in extension
  • Anconeus is involved in extension
  • Superficial group of the back of the forearm (except brachio-radialis) contributes to extension

Muscles of the Arm

Coraco-brachialis

  • Originates from the tip of the coracoid process
  • Inserts on the middle of the medial border of the humerus
  • Innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve
  • Facilitates flexion of the arm

Brachialis

  • Originates from the front of the lower half of the humerus
  • Inserts on the ulnar tuberosity
  • Innervated by the musculocutaneous and radial nerves
  • Acts as a prime flexor of the elbow

Biceps brachii

  • Has a long head originating from the supraglenoid tubercle
  • Has a short head originating from the tip of the coracoid process
  • Inserts via tendon on the radial tuberosity and via aponeurosis on the deep fascia of the forearm
  • Innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve
  • Facilitates flexion and supination of the forearm

Triceps

  • Long head originates from the infra-glenoid tubercle
  • Lateral head originates from the back of the humerus above the spiral groove
  • Medial head originates from the back of the humerus below the spiral groove
  • Inserts on the back of the upper surface of the olecranon process
  • Innervated by the radial nerve
  • Acts as a prime extensor of the elbow
  • The long head supports the shoulder joint

Axilla

  • Definition: Pyramidal space between the arm and the upper part of the thorax

Boundaries of the Axilla

  • Anterior wall: Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and clavipectoral fascia
  • Posterior wall: Subscapularis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi
  • Lateral wall: Bicipital groove, coracobrachialis, and short head of biceps
  • Medial wall: Serratus anterior

Apex (Cervico-axillary canal)

  • Anterior border: back of clavicle
  • Posterior border: superior border of scapula
  • Medial border: outer rib of 1st rib

Base of Axilla

  • Skin and axillary fascia

Contents of the Axilla

  • Axillary fat, vessels, and lymph nodes
  • Brachial plexus (cords and branches)
  • Tail of the breast

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