Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which muscle is primarily responsible for supination of the forearm?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for supination of the forearm?
What is the typical resting elbow position observed with intra-articular effusion?
What is the typical resting elbow position observed with intra-articular effusion?
Which of the following best describes the anatomical relationship of the ulnar nerve to the elbow joint?
Which of the following best describes the anatomical relationship of the ulnar nerve to the elbow joint?
What is the normal range of motion for elbow flexion?
What is the normal range of motion for elbow flexion?
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Which of these best describes the carrying angle?
Which of these best describes the carrying angle?
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What is indicated by a 'cubitus varus' deformity?
What is indicated by a 'cubitus varus' deformity?
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Which bursa is most likely to be associated with superficial swelling in the elbow?
Which bursa is most likely to be associated with superficial swelling in the elbow?
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When the elbow is flexed to 90 degrees, what geometric shape do the olecranon and medial and lateral condyles form?
When the elbow is flexed to 90 degrees, what geometric shape do the olecranon and medial and lateral condyles form?
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During the pronator teres syndrome test, what action is performed by the therapist that causes the patient to contract their pronator muscles?
During the pronator teres syndrome test, what action is performed by the therapist that causes the patient to contract their pronator muscles?
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A positive valgus stress test of the elbow indicates damage to which ligament?
A positive valgus stress test of the elbow indicates damage to which ligament?
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During a varus stress test of the elbow, which specific movement is used to assess the lateral collateral ligament?
During a varus stress test of the elbow, which specific movement is used to assess the lateral collateral ligament?
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Which movement best describes the resisted action performed by the patient during Cozen’s test for lateral epicondylitis?
Which movement best describes the resisted action performed by the patient during Cozen’s test for lateral epicondylitis?
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What specific combination of movements is passively performed by the therapist during the passive test for lateral epicondylitis?
What specific combination of movements is passively performed by the therapist during the passive test for lateral epicondylitis?
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What is the primary anatomical structure that is overloaded in medial epicondylitis?
What is the primary anatomical structure that is overloaded in medial epicondylitis?
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In the pronator teres syndrome test, what symptoms are considered a positive sign?
In the pronator teres syndrome test, what symptoms are considered a positive sign?
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Regarding ligamentous stability tests of the elbow, at what specific range of flexion should the elbow be positioned to conduct an accurate assessment?
Regarding ligamentous stability tests of the elbow, at what specific range of flexion should the elbow be positioned to conduct an accurate assessment?
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Which of the following is a component of a comprehensive neurological screening of the upper quarter?
Which of the following is a component of a comprehensive neurological screening of the upper quarter?
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What is the recommended technique for performing dermatome testing to avoid activating other sensory pathways?
What is the recommended technique for performing dermatome testing to avoid activating other sensory pathways?
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Which of the following is considered an upper motor neuron sign?
Which of the following is considered an upper motor neuron sign?
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Which bony structure is NOT located at the distal humerus?
Which bony structure is NOT located at the distal humerus?
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In anatomical position, which muscle of the extensor mass is located most lateral?
In anatomical position, which muscle of the extensor mass is located most lateral?
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What is the typical capsular pattern for the elbow complex?
What is the typical capsular pattern for the elbow complex?
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What is the normal end feel for elbow extension?
What is the normal end feel for elbow extension?
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According to the content, what does the loss of full elbow range of motion typically suggest?
According to the content, what does the loss of full elbow range of motion typically suggest?
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Which of the following is NOT a joint within the elbow's articular capsule?
Which of the following is NOT a joint within the elbow's articular capsule?
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What is the most common surgical procedure in elbow osteoarthritis?
What is the most common surgical procedure in elbow osteoarthritis?
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What is the typical weight restriction advised post-elbow surgery during the initial recovery phase?
What is the typical weight restriction advised post-elbow surgery during the initial recovery phase?
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When is physical therapy typically initiated following elbow joint replacement surgery?
When is physical therapy typically initiated following elbow joint replacement surgery?
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Which of the following is a commonly recommended method for managing mild symptoms of elbow osteoarthritis, before surgical intervention is considered?
Which of the following is a commonly recommended method for managing mild symptoms of elbow osteoarthritis, before surgical intervention is considered?
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Which test is associated with confirming posterior lateral rotary instability?
Which test is associated with confirming posterior lateral rotary instability?
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What is the primary mechanism of injury for medial epicondylitis?
What is the primary mechanism of injury for medial epicondylitis?
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Which of the following is the most commonly affected muscle in lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)?
Which of the following is the most commonly affected muscle in lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)?
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A patient presents with a positive Froment’s sign and a positive elbow flexion test. Which condition is most likely?
A patient presents with a positive Froment’s sign and a positive elbow flexion test. Which condition is most likely?
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Which of the following is a common finding in a patient with a distal biceps tendon rupture?
Which of the following is a common finding in a patient with a distal biceps tendon rupture?
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What is the primary function of the distal biceps tendon?
What is the primary function of the distal biceps tendon?
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Which of the following tests would be most appropriate in diagnosing a medial collateral ligament tear of the elbow?
Which of the following tests would be most appropriate in diagnosing a medial collateral ligament tear of the elbow?
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Which of the following is a typical symptom associated with anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) compression?
Which of the following is a typical symptom associated with anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) compression?
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Which of these is a common differential diagnosis for lateral epicondylitis?
Which of these is a common differential diagnosis for lateral epicondylitis?
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What is a key difference between medial and lateral epicondylitis?
What is a key difference between medial and lateral epicondylitis?
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In the initial management of epicondylitis, which of the following is considered most important?
In the initial management of epicondylitis, which of the following is considered most important?
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An adolescent patient presents with pain during throwing that is localized to the medial elbow. This could be due to valgus stress. Which ligament is most likely involved?
An adolescent patient presents with pain during throwing that is localized to the medial elbow. This could be due to valgus stress. Which ligament is most likely involved?
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What is a characteristic finding of olecranon bursitis?
What is a characteristic finding of olecranon bursitis?
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A patient cannot make the 'OK' sign and presents with grip weakness in the thumb and index fingers without sensory loss. Which nerve is most likely involved?
A patient cannot make the 'OK' sign and presents with grip weakness in the thumb and index fingers without sensory loss. Which nerve is most likely involved?
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What is a key difference between the causes of epicondylitis and olecranon bursitis?
What is a key difference between the causes of epicondylitis and olecranon bursitis?
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A child presents with elbow pain after a fall, exhibiting decreased range of motion and bony tenderness. What is the likelihood of a fracture?
A child presents with elbow pain after a fall, exhibiting decreased range of motion and bony tenderness. What is the likelihood of a fracture?
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Which type of elbow fracture is most common in children between the ages of 5 and 10?
Which type of elbow fracture is most common in children between the ages of 5 and 10?
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A young athlete reports medial elbow pain that initially occurs after throwing but progresses to persistent pain. What other signs are likely to be observed?
A young athlete reports medial elbow pain that initially occurs after throwing but progresses to persistent pain. What other signs are likely to be observed?
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What is the most common throwing-related elbow injury among skeletally immature adolescents?
What is the most common throwing-related elbow injury among skeletally immature adolescents?
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A patient has a valgus injury from a fall on an outstretched arm. What structure at the elbow is primarily affected?
A patient has a valgus injury from a fall on an outstretched arm. What structure at the elbow is primarily affected?
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What action typically causes a radial head or neck fracture?
What action typically causes a radial head or neck fracture?
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A child presents with posterior elbow pain and an obvious deformity after a fall. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A child presents with posterior elbow pain and an obvious deformity after a fall. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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An athlete complains of pain during the follow-through phase of throwing. Which physical exam findings are most consistent with olecranon apophysitis?
An athlete complains of pain during the follow-through phase of throwing. Which physical exam findings are most consistent with olecranon apophysitis?
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Repetitive valgus stress at the elbow can cause which of the following injuries?
Repetitive valgus stress at the elbow can cause which of the following injuries?
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A 10-year-old boy presents with sudden onset of lateral elbow pain and decreased range of motion. Radiographs show irregularity of the capitellum. Which condition is most likely?
A 10-year-old boy presents with sudden onset of lateral elbow pain and decreased range of motion. Radiographs show irregularity of the capitellum. Which condition is most likely?
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A patient reports a sudden pop during a throw followed by acute elbow pain. Which of the following injuries should be suspected?
A patient reports a sudden pop during a throw followed by acute elbow pain. Which of the following injuries should be suspected?
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Which of the following is a likely symptoms of a UCL sprain in a skeletally mature athlete?
Which of the following is a likely symptoms of a UCL sprain in a skeletally mature athlete?
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What is the typical treatment for medial epicondyle apophysitis?
What is the typical treatment for medial epicondyle apophysitis?
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What is the primary cause of valgus extension overload?
What is the primary cause of valgus extension overload?
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What is the key sign of a posterior elbow dislocation?
What is the key sign of a posterior elbow dislocation?
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Study Notes
Elbow/Forearm Exam
- History: Common pain mechanisms (traumatic vs. atraumatic, acute vs. chronic), location, intensity, and duration of symptoms, activities that aggravate or relieve symptoms, and previous treatments.
- Observation: Carrying angle, swelling, presence of bursae, and nerve locations.
- Palpation: Bony and soft tissue palpation of distal humerus, supracondylar ridges, epicondyles, capitellum, olecranon, radial head, proximal radius, and ulna.
- Upper Quarter Screen: Assessing range of motion, manual muscle testing, and accessory motions of the elbow.
- Range of Motion (ROM): Assessment of full extension and flexion (0° to 135°), supination, and pronation (0° to 180°).
- Manual Muscle Testing: Evaluating strength of the muscles that control the elbow.
- Accessory Motion: Assessing normal joint play, including glides and distraction of the elbow.
- Special Tests: Tests to identify specific conditions like epicondylitis, olecranon bursitis, nerve entrapment syndromes, and intra-articular conditions.
- Functional Assessment: Evaluating the patient's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs).
Pain Mechanisms
- History: Precipitating incidents, activities, or conditions may produce pain.
- Acute/Chronic: Pain that develops quickly or over time is categorized
- Traumatic/Atraumatic: This categorization helps differentiate between injuries caused by an impact and those caused by overuse
- Position of elbow: Pain may be related to how the elbow is positioned during activities that involve stress.
Etiology and Presentation of Elbow Pain
- Periarticular (outside the joint): Epicondylitis (lateral or medial), olecranon bursitis, and nerve entrapment syndromes (radial, ulnar).
- Intra-articular (inside the joint): Fractures, dislocations, and cartilage disruption.
- Most common causes: Periarticular conditions, like epicondylitis, are more frequent than intra-articular issues like fractures.
Observation: Carrying Angle and Swelling
- Carrying angle: Normal values vary between men and women, with valgus (increased) and varus (decreased) carrying angles possible.
- Swelling: Localized swelling around the elbow joint may indicate various conditions (bursae, nerves, etc.).
- Nerves: Ulnar and median nerves are important to observe in relation to potential impingement.
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Description
This quiz examines key concepts related to the anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow joint. Topics include muscle functions, typical positions, stress tests, and specific deformities affecting the elbow. Test your knowledge on various aspects of elbow anatomy in a clinical context.
