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Questions and Answers
How many bones make up the elbow joint?
What type of joint is the radioulnar joint?
Where does the long head of triceps attach in the elbow anatomy?
What movement is allowed at the radioulnar joint?
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Which muscle group is NOT involved in the flexion of the elbow?
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What is the range of pronation-supination of the human elbow?
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Which sport is commonly associated with lateral epicondylitis?
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What is the recommended treatment for lateral epicondylitis?
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What is the prevalence ratio of lateral epicondylitis to medial epicondylitis?
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Which muscle is NOT involved in the extensor of the elbow?
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What is the most common cause of epicondylitis?
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Which nerve is involved in acute cases of lateral epicondylitis?
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What is the second most common dislocation in the human body?
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What is the most frequently dislocating bone in elbow dislocations?
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What is the etiology often attributed to lateral epicondylitis?
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What is a common symptom of epicondylitis?
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Which muscle attaches to the olecranon process and functions in extension, innervated by the radial nerve?
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Where is the capitulum humeri located in relation to the elbow joint?
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Which ligament attaches proximally to the lateral epicondyle and distally to the lateral ulna and annular ligament?
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Where is the olecranon fossa situated in the humerus?
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Which muscle attaches the distal half of the humerus to the coronoid process and ulnar tuberosity of the ulna?
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Which artery is located on the medial side of the bicipital sulcus and ends into two branches under the elbow plication?
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Where is the trochlea located in relation to the humerus?
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Which ligament runs from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the medial side of the coronoid process and olecranon process?
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What is the insertion point for the anconeus and supinator in the elbow anatomy?
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Where is the medial epicondyle located in relation to the humerus?
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What articulates with the radius on the lateral side of the elbow joint?
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Where is the olecranon process located in relation to the ulna?
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Study Notes
Elbow Anatomy, Function, Pathologies, and Treatment Overview
- The human elbow consists of various muscle groups, including the triceps, anconeous, flexor ulnaris carpi, extensor carpi ulnaris, common extensor of fingers, and brachioradialis.
- The elbow's functional anatomy allows for flexion-extension (150°), pronation-supination (175°), and specific movements such as twisting a screw, catching items, and bringing food to the mouth.
- The flexors of the elbow include the brachialis, biceps, and pronator teres, while the extensors consist of the brachialis and triceps muscles.
- Elbow pathologies such as epicondylitis, commonly known as tennis or golfer's elbow, can result from overuse of the tendons attached to the humerus' epicondyle, often due to faulty technique, weak muscles, or improper equipment.
- Specific sports-related elbow pathologies include tennis lateral epicondylitis (backhand), golf medial epicondylitis (swing), and baseball-related valgus stress, medial traction, lateral compression, and posterior impingement.
- Signs and symptoms of epicondylitis include pain over the epicondyle, increased pain with wrist flexion or extension, and elbow contracture, with treatment options including proper technique, equipment, warm-up, stretching, and rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE).
- Lateral epicondylitis is much more prevalent than medial epicondylitis, with a 9:1 ratio, and its etiology is often attributed to backhand overload in tennis, indirect trauma at the epicondyle, and assumption of fluoroquinolones.
- Clinical presentation of lateral epicondylitis may include chronic full range of motion (ROM) lateral pain and positive Cozen's test, while acute cases may involve significant difficulty in complete extension and inflammation of the posterior branch of the radial nerve.
- Treatment of lateral epicondylitis may involve conservative measures such as manipulations, braces, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), topical corticosteroid applications, injections, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and kinesiotaping.
- Elbow dislocations are the second most common dislocations, with the ulna/radius most frequently dislocating posterior to the humerus.
- The humanitas elbow anatomy is complex, with various muscle groups and functional movements, and can be prone to specific pathologies such as epicondylitis, often related to sports activities, with specific signs, symptoms, and treatment options, as well as dislocation risks and patterns.
Elbow Anatomy and Muscles at Istituto Clinico Humanitas
- The capitulum humeri articulates with the radius on the lateral side of the joint.
- The medial epicondyle is located on the medial side of the humerus, just above the trochlea and is an attachment point for the pronator teres.
- The lateral epicondyle is located on the lateral side of the distal end above the capitulum and serves as an insertion point for the anconeus and supinator.
- The olecranon fossa is situated on the posterior surface of the humerus between the medial and lateral epicondyles.
- The olecranon process is the proximal end of the ulna on the posterior surface, where the distal triceps attaches.
- The trochlea, located on the medial side of the distal end of the humerus, articulates with the ulna.
- The medial collateral ligament runs from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the medial side of the coronoid process and olecranon process.
- The lateral collateral ligament attaches proximally to the lateral epicondyle and distally to the lateral ulna and annular ligament.
- The brachialis muscle attaches the distal half of the humerus to the coronoid process and ulnar tuberosity of the ulna.
- The triceps brachii muscle attaches to the olecranon process and its function is extension, innervated by the radial nerve.
- The interosseous membrane is a broad, flat membrane located between the radius and ulna for most of their length.
- The humeral artery is on the medial side of the bicipital sulcus and ends into two branches 2-3 cm under the elbow plication.
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Description
Test your knowledge of elbow anatomy, function, pathologies, and treatment with this comprehensive overview. Explore the intricate muscle groups, functional movements, and common pathologies such as epicondylitis, and learn about treatment options and elbow dislocation risks. Ideal for healthcare professionals, students, and anyone interested in understanding the complexities of the human elbow.
